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i fit* 



A SYLLABUS 



OF 



MEDIEVAL HISTORY 



395-1500 



BY 

DANA CARLETON MUNRO 

AND 

GEORGE CLARKE SELLERY 



PUBLISHED BY 

THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY 

OF THE 

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



Philadelphia, Pa., 19 19 



Sold by : Longmans, Green & Co., 443 Fourth Avenue, New York 



I* 



A SYLLABUS 



OF 



MEDIEVAL HISTORY 



395-1300 



BY 

DANA CARLETON MUNRO 

EIGHTH EDITION 



PUBLISHED BY 

THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY 

OF THE 

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 



Philadelphia, Pa., 19 19 



Sold by : Longmans, Green & Co., 443 Fourth Avenue, "New York. 



3.^ 



PREFACE. 



This syllabus is divided into subjects, not lectures. Often a 
single subject, e. g. the migrations, may require more than one 
lecture. Other subjects may be passed over briefly, or omitted 
entirely. 

The references include very few books which are not in 
English; but it is believed that the books quoted furnish suffi- 
cient bibliographical notes to enable the student to find many 
of the best works in foreign languages. The number of books 
mentioned has been kept as small as is possible without omitting 
works which are essential. Some books of which the value has 
been lessened by more recent works are quoted either because 
of their accessibility or fame. Some other works, although 
valuable throughout the course, are named only for special 
topics; e. g. Gregorovius: History of the City of Rome. Of the- 
sources only a few are mentioned and only those which can be 
used by undergraduate students. L. J. Partow's Guide to the 
Study of Medieval History is invaluable to every student and sup- 
plements other bibliographies. Beazley's Note Book of Medieval 
History is very useful. 

The best small atlases are edited by Shepherd, Dow, Muir 
and Putzger. Of the larger atlases, Droysen: Allgemeiner His- 
torlscher Handatlas; Schrader: Atlas de Geographie Historique; and 
Poole: Oxford Historical Atlas, are the most valuable. 

It is hard to make a choice among the church histories be- 
cause they are so often biased by the theological views of the 
authors. Moeller's (3 vols., Macmillan) is dry, but useful. 
Gieseler's (various editions), although old, is excellent because 
of the quantity and quality of source material quoted. Alzog's 

(v) 



PKEFACE 

(3 vols., Clark) is good from the Roman Catholic standpoint. 
Schaff's (6 vols., Scribner) is scholarly and will be preferred by 
many. Walker T s (1 vol., Scribner) is a convenient summary. 
There are others which deserve mention^ but each instructor is 
sure to have his own preferences. 

For the proper names the usual form is given except where 
there is some special reason for preferring another spelling. 
There has been no attempt to attain uniformity. It would be 
impossible without a palaeographic purism which obscures 
familiar names and events, and certainly has no place in under- 
graduate work. 

The extracts from the sources are printed here because these 
particular bits do not seem to fit into any of the existing series. 

In the preparation of this syllabus I have been much aided 
by the excellent syllabi of Professor Burr of Cornell and Pro- 
fessor Dow of Michigan. Professor Haskins of Harvard, Pro- 
fessor Robinson of Columbia, Professor Cheyney of Pennsyl- 
vania, Professor Whitcomb of Cincinnati, Professors Sellery and 
Chase of Wisconsin, Professor Duncalf of Texas, and Professor 
Krey of Minnesota, have all given valuable assistance, for which 
I wish to express my thanks. Of my indebtedness to other 
men and books I am very conscious, but it is impossible to 
mention or even recall the books which I have laid under con- 
tribution in several years of teaching. 

August 10, 1919. 



(vi) 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



1 Introductory. The Middle Ages 1 

2 The Land and the People. 1 

3 The Roman Empire, 395 A. D 2 

4 Christianity, the State Religion 3 

5 Causes of Disintegration 5 

6 The Early Germans 6 

7 The Migrations 7 

8 Reaction under Justinian 10 

9 Rise of the Papacy 11 

10 Early Monasticism 12 

11 Roman Law 13 

12 Germanic Laws 15 

13 Fusion of Germanic and Roman 16 

14 Mohammed 18 

15 The Koran 19 

16 Conquests of Moslems 19 

17 The Franks 21 

18 Charles the Great 22 

19 The New Empire 24 

20 Decline of the Carolingian Empire 25 

21 Northmen and Normans ". 27 

22 Feudalism 28 

23 The Church in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries 30 

24 The German-Roman Empire 31 

25 The Investiture Struggle 33 

26 Chivalry 34 

27 The Byzantine Empire 35 

25 The Saracen Civilization , 37 

29 The Crusades 37 

30 The Popes and the Hohenstaufens. Germany and Italy 40 

31 The New Nations: France, England, Spain 42 

32 The Scandinavian Kingdoms , 45 

(Vii) 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

33 The Slavs 46 

34 Village and Manor . 48 

35 Commerce 49 

36 Rise of the Towns 51 

37 Education, including Universities 52 

38 The Church in the Thirteenth Century 53 

39 Heresies, Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries 56 

40 Canon Law 57 

41 Literature, Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries 59 

42 Summary 60 

A List of Important Dates and Events 61 

Lists of Emperors. Popes and Kings C5 

Genealogical Tables 71,72 

Account of Richer's Journey 73 

Letter of Henry IV to Gregory VII .... 75 

List of Books quoted 77 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



Bohn. Bohn's Libraries; now published by Bell. 
Clarendon. The Clarendon Press. Oxford. 

Contemporaries. English History by Contemporary Writers. Putnam. 
Epochs. The Epochs of History Series. Longmans or Scribner. 
The Epochs of Church History Series. Longmans. 
(Volumes are undated. ) 
Everyman. Everyman's Library. - Dent or Dutton. (Volumes are undated.) 
Heroes. Heroes of the Nations Series. Putnam. 
Nations. Stories of the Nations Series. Putnam. 
S. P. C, K. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Young. 
Translations. Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of 
European History. Published by the Department of History, 
University of Pennsylvania. 



( viii ) 



1, INTRODUCTORY. THE MIDDLE AGES. 

secondary works: Adams: Civilization, chs. 1, 2. Burr, in Am. 
Hist. Rev., Vol. XVIII, pp. 710-726. 

Introduction, dates, 395-1500 a. d. 
Why chosen. Other views. 

I. WHAT THE MIDDLE AGES STARTED WITH. 

The 3 most important factors: 

a. The Greco-Roman civilization. 

b. The Christian Church. 

c. The Germanic tribes. 

II. PERIODS. 

a. 395-600, migrations. 

b. 600-800, assimilation. 

c. 800-814, Empire of Charles the Great. 

d. 814-1100, "The Dark Ages." 

Injustice of this name. Subdivision of this period. 

e. 1100-1200, "The Renaissance of the twelfth century." 

f. 1200-1300, "the Wonderful Century." (Harrison: 
The Meaning of History, ch. 5. ) 

g. 1300-1500, the Later Middle Ages. 

Periods defined only for convenience, constant evolution. 

2. THE LAND AND THE PEOPLE. 

secondary works: George. Freeman: Historical Geography. 
Ripley, chs. 2, 6. Atlases, see p. V. 

INTRODUCTION. IMPORTANCE OF GEOGRAPHY. 
I. DESCRIPTION OF EUROPE. 

a. Physical features: 

Coast, indentations, rivers, plains, mountains. 

b. Climate and products. 

c. The Mediterranean. (Playfair.) 

II. THE PEOPLES OF EUROPE.. 

a. Romans. 

b. Germans. 

c. Kelts. 

d. Slavs and others of importance only later in course. 
(Ploetz, 1, B, 5.) 

(1) 



3. THE ROMAN EMPIRE, c. 395 A. D. 

soueces: Translations, Vol. VI, No. 4, Extracts from the Notitia 
Dignitatum. 

secondary works: Thorndike, ch. 2. Bemont and Monod, 
ch. 1. Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. I, chs. 2, 19. 
Bury: Later Roman Empire, Bk. I, ch. 4. Hodgkin: Italy, 
Bk. I, Introd. and ch. 3; Theodosius, pp. 1-54. Bryce: 
Holy Roman Empire, ch. 2. Firth, chs. 1-3, 13, 15, 16. 
Glover: Life and Letters. Dill, Bk. III. Lavisse et Ram- 
baud, Vol. I, ch. 1. Frank, in Am. Hist. Rev., Vol. XXI, 
pp. 689-708. 

INTRODUCTION. DEVELOPMENT OF EMPIRE. 

Period of conquest. Four centuries of assimilation. How 
the empire was accepted. Evolution of the Roman spirit. 

I. WHAT THE EMPIRE INCLUDED. 
II. THE EMPEROR. 

a. His power. 

Policy of Augustus. Diocletian. Actual power. 

b. His agents. 

The court-officials. The sacrosanct hierarchy. 

c. His income. 

Kinds of taxes. (Munro and Sellery, pp. 34-43.) 

III. ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS. 

a. Prefectures. 

b. Dioceses. 

c. Provinces. 

Gaul as an example. 

IV. THE CIVITAS. 

a. What it was. The real unit. Antiquity. 

b. How it was governed. Corporate liability. 

c. An element of permanence. Chartres as an example. 

d. The Villa. (Dill, pp. 168]?.) 

V. THE SENATE AND ANCIENT MAGISTRATES. 

a. Loss of power. 

b. Survivals in the Middle Ages. 

(2) 



VI. THE ARMY. 

a. Not composed of Romans. 

b. Where stationed. 

c. Spirit of rebellion. 

VII. THE INHABITANTS, TENDENCY TO FORM FIXED SOCIAL CLASSES, 

a. Slaves, becoming serfs (of the glebe). 

b. Freedmen, disappearing as a class. 

c. Colons, becoming more numerous, to be later serfs or 
villains. 

d. Plebs. Collegiati. 

e. Curials. Qualifications. Duties. 

f. Senatorial class. How formed. Wealth. Later im- 
portance. 

CONCLUSION. EFFECTS OF REMOVING THE CENTRAL POWER. 

4. CHRISTIANITY, THE STATE RELIGION. 

sources: St. Jerome, Lactantius, and Eusebius, in the Nicene 
and Post-Nicene Fathers, or in the Bohn Library. Robin- 
son: Readings, ch. 2. Gwatkin: Selections. Transla- 
tions, Vol. IV, Nos. 1, 2, Early Christian Persecutions',. 
Canons. Ayer: Source Book. 

secondary works; Bemont and Monod, ch. 1. Adams: Civil- 
ization, ch. 3. Thorndike, ch. 6. Cambridge Medieval 
History, Vol. I, ch. 4. Gibbon, chs. 15, 16, 20. 
Walker, Church History, pp. 63-185. Fisher: Begin- 
nings of Christianity; History of the Church. Ramsay, 
chs. 10-15. Uhlhorn. Flick. Hatch: Organization of 
the Early Christian Churches; Growth of Christian Institu- 
tions. Duchesne: Early History of the Christian Church. 
Carr, chs. 1, 4, 8, 11, 13-16. ' McGiffert, in Harvard 
Theological Revieiv, 1909. Renan. Glover; Conflict of 
Religions. Huttman. Bury : Later Roman Empire, 
Bk. I, chs. 1, 2. Lecky: European Morals, chs. 2, 3. 
Lanciani. Neander, Vol. I. Coleman. 

INTRODUCTION. A. HOW CHRISTIANITY WON GROUND. 

a. Teaching: immortality of soul, expiation of sin. 
Contrast: Seneca, How life may be endured; Taurobolia. 

b. Example. Care of non-Christian poor and sick. 

c. Persecutions. 

Tertullian, " The blood of the martyrs is the seed o£ 
the Church." 

(3) 



B. HOW IT BECAME THE STATE RELIGION. 

Constantine's policy; vision of Milvian Bridge, 312; 
Edict of Milan, 313; conversion; baptism. Persecution 
of pagans and heretics. ( Carr, ch. 4- ) 

' I. COMPOSITION OF THE CHURCH. 

Membership. Danger of union with State; corrupting 
elements; St. John Chrysostom, St. Hilary, St. Jerome 
agree: divitiis major virtutibus minor. 
Religion of peasants. 

II. INFLUENCES WHICH WERE SHAPING THE CHURCH. 

a. Environment. Jewish, Greek, Roman. (Batch: Influ- 
ence. ) 

b. Scriptures. Jewish, Christian. 

c The Fathers. (Diet, of Christian Biography.) 

1. The Greek Fathers. 

Athanasius (c. 297-373). Basil (c. 329-379). 
(Carr, ch. 8.) Gregory Nazianzen (c. 325-385 or 
390). John Chrysostom (c. 347-407). 

2. The Latin Fathers. 

Ambrose (c. 340-397). Jerome (c. 340-420). 
Augustine (c. 354-430). (McCabe: St. Augustine.) 
[Gregory the Great] (c. 550-604). (Dudden. 
Shahan, pp. 5-34. Gasquet: Life of Pope S. Gregory. ) 

d. The heresies. 

Origin, nature. Arianism. (Gwatkin: Arian Contro- 
versy. Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. J, ch. 5.) 
Absorption of energy in theological strife. 

e. The councils, especially Nicaea, 325. 
Composition, organization, method of procedure, sub- 
jects discussed. 

he. government of the church. (Cambridge Medieval His- 
tory, Vol. I, ch. 6.) 

a. The emperor. 

b. The bishops. 
c The councils. 

d. Methods of discipline. 

IV. christian society. (Gregorovius, Bk. I, ch. 3, pp. 137 ff.) 
The accounts given by St. Jerome (Cutis: St. Jerome), 
St. John Chrysostom, and other Christians; by A. 
Marcellinus, Zosimus, Julian the Apostate, and other 
pagans. 

(4) 



conclusion, influence of Christianity. (Adams: Civiliza- 
tion, pp. 50-63.) 

a. On religious ideas. 

Monotheistic principle. Religion becomes ethical. 

b. On ethical ideas. 

Moral law supreme. Idea of sin clarified. Lofty ex- 
ample as ideal. Hope even for the lowest. 

5. CAUSES OF DISINTEGRATION. 

secondary works: Bury, Bk. I, ch. 3. Cambridge Medieval 
History, Vol. I, ch. 19. Fletcher, ch. 1. Hodgkin: 
Italy, Bk. Ill, ch. 9. Gibbon, ch. 38, at end. Thorn- 
dike, ch. 4. Adams: Civilization, pp. 75-87: Cunning- 
ham: Western Civilization, Vol. I, pp. 179-195. Bigg, 
pp. 90-136. Dill, pp. 227-244. Westermann, in Am.. 
Hist. Rev., Vol. XX, pp. 723-743. 

introduction, insolubiltty of problem. {Cambridge Medieval 
History, Vol I, p. 5 4. ) 

a. Views of Romans: Tiberius, Pliny, Zosimus, Am. Mar- 
cellinus, Salvian, St. Augustine. 

b. Views of modern scholars: Michelet, Hodgkin, Bury; 
Christianity, slavery, taxation, importation of bar- 
barians. 

I. LOSS OF THE OLD ROMAN CHARACTER. 

a. Chamberlain's idea: infusion of low blood; "mongrels."" 
Scipio's rebuke to populace. 

b. Growth of immorality — told in the long run. 

c. Loss of respect for law. 

II. ECONOMIC CAUSES. 

a. Land monopolized by a very few. 

b. Position of colons. 

Replace slaves as agricultural laborers. 
Bound to the soil, by law. 

c. Decline in production. 

d. Bad incidence of taxation. (Munro and Sellery, pp^ 
34.-43.) 

II [. POLITICAL CAUSES. 

a. Size of Empire. 

b. Absolutism and bureaucracy. 

c. Lack of interest in politics on part of people. 

(5) 



IV, MILITARY CAUSES. 

a. Romans no longer soldiers. 

b. Armies formed of mercenaries. 

V. IMPORTATION OF BARBARIANS. 

a. Need of filling gaps, for agriculture. 

b. Examples in second and third centuries. Laeti. 

c. Army germanized. 

Barbarus, shield-song, wedge-attack, Valentinian raised 

on the shield. 

Citizens forbidden to carry arms. 

CONCLUSION. ETERNITY OF ROME. 

Freeman's dictum. 

Influence of Rome in the Middle Ages and to-day. 

6. THE EARLY GERMANS. 

sources: Tacitus: Germania. Csesar: Gallic War, Bk. IV, chs. 
1-3; Bk. VI, chs. 21-24. Translations, Vol. VI, No. 3, 
The Early Germans. Thatcher and McNeal, No. 1. 
Ogg, Nos. 1, 2. 

secondary works: Thomdike, ch. 3. Bemont and Monod, 
ch. 2. Gummere, chs. 3-6, 8, 12-16. Gibbon, ch. 9. 
Henderson: Germany, ch. 1. Emerton: Introduction, 
chs. 2-4. Taylor: Medieval Mind, Vol. I, ch. 8. 
Hodgkin, Theodosius, chs. 3-7. Dill, Bk. IV. Keary, 
ch. 2. Stubbs: Select Charters (Introduction), or Con- 
stitutional History, Vol. I, ch. 2. Adams: Civilization, 
ch. 5. Gjerset. Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. I, 
ch. 7. 

INTRODUCTION. ORIGIN 'OF THE GERMANS. 
I. THEIR CIVILIZATION, 

a. The individual. 
Appearance. Virtues and vices. 

b. The society. 
Customs, laws, religion. 

c. The government. 

Family-basis. Ranks. Cantons. Assemblies. Army. 
Comitatus. 

(6) 



II. EARLY CONTACT WITH ROMANS. 

a. Cimbri and Teutones, 113-101 B. C. 

b. Csesar and the Germans, 58-49 B. C. 

c. The Roman struggle for Germany, 15 B. C. to 16 A. D. 
Varus, 9 A. D. Results. 

d. The border conflict. 

e. M. Aurelius and the Germans. 

III. THE GERMANS AMONG THE ROMANS. 

a. Slaves. Employments. 

b. Coloni. 

c. Soldiers. Legionaries, foederati, laeti. 

d. Officials. 

e. Hostages. 

IV. THE ROMANS AMONG THE GERMANS. 

a. Diplomatic agents. 

b. Travelers. 

c. Traders. 

d. Missionaries. 

CONCLUSEON. POLTCY OF THE ROMANS. 

a. u Divide et impera." {Tacitus: Germania, ch. 33.) 

b. Treachery. ( Translations, Vol. VI, No. 3, pp. 35-36. ) 

c. Theocloric (legend). 

7. THE MIGRATIONS. 

sources: Robinson: Readings, ch. 3. Bede: Ecclesiastical His- 
tory. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Mierow. Thatcher and 
McNeal, Nos. 2, 3. Ogg, Nos. 3-6, 8, 9. 

secondary works: Adams: Civilization, ch. 4. Emerton: In- 
troduction, chs. 3-7. Bemont and Monod, chs. 3-5. 
Thorndike, ch. 5. Munro and Sellery, pp. 44-59. 
Fletcher, Vol. I, chs. 2-4. Cambridge Medieval History, 
Vol. I, chs. 9-11, 13-15. Hodgkin: Italy, Vols. I-III; 
Theodosius, Lectures 3-7; and Theodoric, chs. 6-9. 
Bury, Bk. II, chs. 6, 7; Bk. Ill, chs. 4, 5. Gibbon, 
chs. 26, 30, 31, 34-36, 38, 39. Dill, Bk. IV, chs. 1-3. 
Taylor : Medieval Mind, Vol. I, ch. 6. Henderson: 
Germany, ch. 2. Stubbs: Constitutional History, Vol. I, 
ch. 4. Oman: Europe, chs. 1, 2, 4, 8; Byzantine Empire, 

(V) 



chs. 3, 4. Bryce: Holy Roman Empire, ch. 3. Free- 
man: Franks and the Gauls, in Essays, Vol. I. Villari: 
Invasions. McCabe: St. Augustine. Bradley. Chap- 
man, chs. 3-4. 

INTRODUCTORY. CAUSES. 

a.- Lack of land. 

Over-population. Csesar and the Helvetii. 

b. Love of adventure. 
Comitatus. 

c. Roman civilization. 

Known through Roman traders and travelers, and Ger- 
mans in Roman army. 

d. Legends and attractiveness of the South. 
The contrast in crossing the Alps. 

The legends which grew up. 

e. Influence of one tribe upon another. 
Movement to occupy vacant lands. 

f. Pressure from the Huns. 

Reasons for the terror which they inspired. 

I. LOCATION OF THE GERMAN TRIBES, C 300 A. D. 

The Rhine-Danube frontier. 

ii. the visigoths. (Hodgkin, Vol. I.) 

a. Previous history. Ulfilas. 

b. The passage of the Danube. 

c. Battle of Adrianople, 378 A. D. {Oman: Byzantine 
Empire, ch. 8.) 

d. Alaric and his sieges of Rome. 

e. Spanish kingdoms. 415-711. (Hodgkin: Visigothic 
Spain, in English Historical Review, Vol. II, pp. 209-234-. ) 

in. the vandals. ( Hodgkin, Vol. II. ) 

a. The march, 400 ff. 

b. The invasion of Africa, 429. 

Reasons. State of Africa. Siege of Hippo, 430. Cap- 
ture of Carthage, 439. 

c. Gaiseric and the sack of Rome, 455. 
Leo. I. il Vandalism." 

d. The Vandal kingdom in Africa, 429-534. 

. Death of Gaiseric, 477. Fate of kingdom. 

(8) 



IV. THE BURGUNDIANS, 413-534. 

a. Their march. 

b. Their new home.. 

c. Reasons for our interest in them. 

d. Fate of kingdom. 

V. the huns. (Bury: Later Empire, Bk. II, ch. 11. Hodgkin, 
Bk. II, ch. 2. Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. I, ch. 
12. Hutton: Attila.) 

a. Characteristics. 

b. Attila' s supremacy. 

c. Battle of Maurica (Chalons), 451 A. D. (see Gibbon, ed. 
Bury, Vol. Ill, App. 28). 

d. Attila in Italy. 

Leo the Great and Attila, 452. . Beginnings of Venice. 

e. Dissolution of Huns' power. Death of Attila, 453. 

VI. the angles, saxons and jutes. ( Green : English People, 
Bk. I, chs. 1, 2; Making of England. ) 

a. Where they came from. 

b. Their invasion, c. 449-c. 549. ( Colby, pp. 12-14.. ) 

c. Nature of the conquest. 

d. Conversion of Britain. (Gee and Hardy, pp. 2-15, 
Colby, U-16.) 

e. Anglo-Saxon institutions. 

vii. the alemanni, 360-496. 

Their migration and fate. 

viii. the franks. (Brehaut. Sergeant : Franks.) 

a. Home of the Salian Franks. 

b. Clovis, 486-511. 

Invasion of Gaul, 486. Battle of Soissons, 486. Con- 
version, 496. Conquests. (For later history, Lecture 17.) 

ix. "fall of the roman empire." (Bury, Bk. Ill, ch. 5.) 

a. The Roman Empire under Honorius, 395-423. 

b. Placidia supreme. Valentinian III. 

c. Soldiers of fortune. 

Ricimer supreme, 456-472. Orestes supreme, 472-476. 
( " Romulus Augustulus.") Odovacar, 476-493. 
476 A. D. not an epoch. 

(9) 



x. the ostrogoths. (Freeman: Goths at Ravenna, in Essays, 
Vol. III. Hodgkin : Cassiodorus. ) 

a. Where they came from. 

b. Theodoric. 

c. Establishment in Italy, 488-493. 

d. Character of Theodoric' s rule. (Gibbon, ch. 39. Brad- 
ley, ch. 17.) 

e. His relations with the Church. 

f. His foreign and domestic policy. 

g. Boethius (De consolatione philosophiae) and Symmachus. 
h. Death of Theodoric and his title to fame. 

CONCLUSION. WHAT THE INVASIONS ILLUSTRATE. 

8. REACTION UNDER JUSTINIAN. 

source. Ayer, Source Book, pp. 538-564. 

secondary works : Bemont and Monod, ch. 8. Thorndike, 
ch. 6. Bury, Bk. IV, ch. 2. Hodgkin, Vol. Ill, ch. 
14, et seq. Gibbon, chs. 40-43. Oman: Byzantine 
Empire, chs. 6-8; Europe, chs. 5, 6. Cunningham: 
Western Civilization, Vol. I, pp. 196-209. Hutton: 
Church in the Sixth Century, ch. 1. Bryce: Justinian, in 
Dictionary of Christian Biography. Gregorovius, Vol. I, 
pp. 356-475. Mallet: Iheodora, in English Historical 
Review, January, 1887. Cambridge Medieval History, 
Vol. II. 

INTRODUCTION. THE EASTERN PORTION OF THE EMPIRE, 395-527. 

i. justinian, 527-565. 

a. His origin and character. 

b. His environment. 

1. Theodora. 

2. The Greens and the Blues. 

8. The Nika riot. (Munro and Sellery, pp. 87-113.) 
4. Justinian and the Church. 

II. HIS WARS. 

a. His troops. 

b. Conquest of Africa, 533-534. 

c. Conquest of Italy, 535-555. 

d. War in Spain, 554-615. 

e. Wars in North and East. 
Persians, Bulgarians. Slavs. 

'(10) 



an. coming of the Lombards, 568. (Hodgkin, Vol. V. Paul 
the Deacon.) 

a. Origin. 

b. Tale of Narses' revenge. 
c Alboin. 

d. The dukes. 

e. Lombards, Emperor, and the Church. 

conclusion, results, 600 A. D. (Bury, in Enq. Hist. Rev., 
Vol. IX, pp. 315-820. ) 

a. Possessions of the Eastern Empire, especially in Italy. 

b. Possessions of the Lombards. (Dudden : Gregory, Vol 
I, pp. 167-168.) 

c. Possessions of the Franks. 

d. Possessions of the other Germans. 

9. RISE OF THE PAPACY. 

■sources: Loomis. Robinson: Readings, ch. 4. Thatcher and 
McNeal, Nos. 33-45. Ogg, No. 10. 

secondary works: Adams: Civilization, ch. 6. Thorndike, 
ch. 9^ Bemont and Monod, eh. 9. Hatch: Organiza- 
tion. Emerton : Introduction, ch. 9. Carr, ch. 24 
Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. II, Ch. 8. .Church 
Histories. • 

INTRODUCTION. ROLE OF THE PAPACY IN THE MIDDLE AGES. 
I. ORIGIN OF THE PAPACY. 

a. The early bishops: their occupations and learning. 

b. Evolution of the hierarchy: metropolitans, patriarchs. 
Constitution, as indicated by acts of Council of Nicaea. 

II. CAUSES WHICH AIDED IT IN BECOMING SUPREME. 

a. Rome, capital of the West. 

b. Political rights of bishop of Rome in absence of Emperor 

c. Bishop of Rome, successor of St. Peter. 

d. No competition in the west of Europe. 

e. Orthodoxy of the bishops of Rome. 

f. Collection of canons and papal decretals by Dionysius 
Exiguus. 

g. Congregation at Rome numerous, wealthy, and liberal 

(H) 



h. Missionary zeal of Rome. (England.) 

i. Greatness of individual popes, especialhy Leo and Greg- 
ory. (Gregorovius, Vol. II, pp. 29-69.) 
Medieval papacy takes its form only in ninth century. 

III. PERIODS IN PAPAL INFLUENCE. 

a. Headship in honor and rank, out of courtesy. 

b. Supreme authority claimed as right. 

c. Admission of right in West, essential to orthodoxy. 
Cyprian of Carthage, died 258. Council of Nicaea, 325;; 
Sardica, 343-344; Constantinople, 381. Emperor' s- 
declaration, 445. 

CONCLUSION. STRENGTH IN NINTH CENTURY, from 

a. Union with Franks. 

Pippin's gift. Holy Roman Empire. 

b. Growth of Canon Law. 

10. EARLY MONASTICISM. 

sources: Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret and Evagrius in the Ni- 
cene and Post-Nicene Fathers or in Bohn. Eugippius. St. 
Benedict's Rule in Gasquet; Rule, in Henderson: Docu- 
ments, pp. 274-314, or extracts in Ogg, No. 11. Ayer: 
" Source Book. Robinson : Readings, pp. 86-92. Thatcher 
and McNeal, Nos. 251-265. Dialogues of St. Gregory. 

secondary works: Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. I, ch. 18. 
Montalembert: Monks of the West. Harnack: Monasti- 
cism. Article Monasticism, in Britannica. Hannayr 
Monasticism. Clarke : St. Basil. Walker : Church History. 
Milman, Bk. Ill, ch. 6. Emerton: Introduction, ch. 11. 
Workman. Lea: Sacerdotal Celibacy, ch. 7. Lecky : 
European Morals, Vol. II, ch. 4. Gibbon, ch. 37. 
Keary : Vikings, ch. 3. Kingsley : Hermits. Taylor r 
Classical Heritage, ch. 7. Zimmer: Irish Element; Celtic 
Church. 

INTRODUCTION. MEANING OF REGULAR CLERGY. 
I. ORIGINS. 

a. Oriental tendency, Hellenic teaching, Roman spirit. 

b. Similar institutions in other religions. 

(12) 



II. SPREAD. 

a. Paul, Anthony, Pachomius, Basil, Athanasius, Jerome. 
Augustine. 

b. Ascetics, hermits and anchorites, monks and nuns, 
coenobites. 

III. PRAISE AND CENSURE. 

Differences in opinion. Influence in the East. Ex- 
travagance: Stylites, Boskoi. Feeling in Rome on death 
of Blesilla, Death of Hypatia. 

Decline in East due to extravagance, indolence, and 
bigotry. 

IV. WESTERN MONACHISM DIFFERENT FROM EASTERN. 

a. Society, not solitude. 

b. Climate. 

c. East as a warning. {Duchesne.) 

d. Practical nature. 

v. st. benedict and his rule. (Dudden, Vol. I, pp. 109-115; 
Vol. II, pp. 161-169. Montalembert, Bk. IV.) 

a. Life of Benedict. 

b. Character and provisions of his Rule. 

c. Supremacy of this Rule. 

VI. CASSIODORUS. 

a. Life. 

b. Introduction of learning as a monastic duty. 

VII st. columban. ( Translations, Vol, IT, No. 7. Montalem- 
bert, Bk. VII.) 

a. Irish monachism. {Bury: life of St. Patrick; Holmes: 
Origin, etc., ch. 17.) 

b. Irish missions. 

c. Life of Columban. 

d. Effects of his missions. 

e. Replaced by monks following Benedictine Rule. 

CONCLUSION. IMPORTANCE OF MONASTIC IDEALS FOR THE TIMES. 

11. ROMAN LAW. 

sources. Twelve Tables, trans, in Indiana series. Institutes, 
trans, by Moyle; extracts in Fling, No. 10, Roman Law. 
. Monro: Digest, 

(13) 



secondary works: Vinogradoff: Common Sense in Law. Hunter. 
Muirhead: Roman Law. Bryce: Studies in History and 
Jurisprudence. Amos. Morey. Bury : Later Roman- 
Empire, Bk. IV, ch. 3. Cambridge Medieval History, 
Vol. II, ch. 3. Gibbon, ch. 44. Sandars, pp. 3-25. 

introduction, law and civilization. ( " History of juris- 
prudence, history of civilization" — Lea.) 

I. QUALITIES OF THE ROMAN LAW. 

Breadth of leading principles. 

Comprehensiveness. 

Coherence. 

Equity. 

Flexibility and progressiveness. 

Suitability to needs of advanced civilization. 

II. HOW ROMAN LAW ACQUIRED THESE CHARACTERISTICS. 

a. Development during 1000 years. 

b. Elements. 

a. Custom. 

b. Statute law. 

XII Tables. Including only laws on controversial 

subjects. 

Legislation of comitiae and senate. 

Decrees of emperors (very important in later period). 

c. Case law. 

c. Method and principal agencies. 

1. Mainly through case law, but also through statute 
law. 

2. Jus gentium (practical experience). 
Jus naturale (philosophic theory). 

3. Praetors and jurisprudentes. Judges (Judices) were 
laymen down to Diocletian. 

d. How Roman Law at length became territorial. 

I [I. EARLY CODIFICATIONS. 

a. Private codes. 

b. Theodosian code. 

c. Romano-barbarian codes. 

d. Reasons for these. 

e. Defects of each. 

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IV. CODIFICATION BY JUSTINIAN. 

a. Code. Systematic summary of imperial laws. 

b. Digest (Pandects). Systematic summary of case law, 
as contained in the writings of the great Juris Prudentes. 

c. Institutes. Elementary exposition of the law, primarily 
for use in the schools. 

d. Novels. 

V. INFLUENCE OF THE ROMAN LAW IN THE MIDDLE AGES. 

a. In the East. 

b. In the West. ( Vinogradoff: Roman Law. ) 

CONCLUSION. INFLUENCE OF ROMAN LAW TO-DAY. 

12. GERMANIC LAWS. 

sources: Salic Law in Henderson: Documents, pp. 176-189. 
Translations, Vol. IV, No. 4, Ordeals, Compurgation, etc. 
Dasent: Burnt Njal Saga. Thatcher and McNeal, Nop. 
234-239. Ogg, Nos. 7, 33. 

secondary works: Pollock and Maitland, Vol. I, pp. 14-37. 
Lea: Superstition and Force. Neilson. Thayer, Part I. 
Emerton: Introduction, ch. 8. Jenks: Law and Politics. 
Hodgkin: Italy, Vol. VI. 

INTRODUCTION. PERSISTENCE IN ENGLAND. 

I. LEGES BARBARORUM. 

a. Most important codes. 

Salica, Ripuariorum, Wlsigothorum, Burgundionum, Sax~ 
onum, Frisionum, Edicta Lang obar dor um, 

b. Differences between these. 

II. PERSONALITY OF LAW. 

Law an inalienable possession. 
Preservation of laws of conquered. 

III. METHODS OF TR[AL. 

a. Burden of proof on the negative. 

b. Reference to divine justice (common to primitive peo- 
ples) when clear proof was lacking. 

c. Compurgation or wager of law. 

1. Resort to oath for lack of evidence. 
(15) 



2. Enhancing value of oath. 

1. By sacred objects (cf. Styx.) 
Ebroin's oath, 680. Robert the Pious. 

2. By wager of law. 

Wide-spread custom, dating from pre-Christian times, 
adopted by Church. 

3. The compurgators. 

How far responsible; how obtained; number; limita- 
tions in use. 

d. Ordeals. 

1. Theory. 

2. Different kinds. 

3. The formulas. 

4. Abolition in 1215. 

e. The wager of battle. 

1. Theory. 

2. Persistence, till nineteenth century. 

3. Used for purely legal questions. 

IV. PUNISHMENT FOR DEEDS OF VIOLENCE. 

a. Primitive idea of retaliation. 

b. Advance in civilization. 

e. Valuation of all injuries (Alfred's code, Frisian law). 

d. Result, not purpose, considered. 

e. The Wergeld. 

Values of different classes of persons. 

CONCLUSION. INFLUENCE OF ROMAN LAW. 

a. Causing codes to be written. 

b. In new cases. 

c. Gradual influence in most cases, especially through 
Church. 

d. Roman maxim, impossibility of proving a negative. 

13. FUSION OF THE GERMANIC AND THE ROMAN. 

INTRODUCTION. NEED OF NEW BLOOD IN ROMAN EMPIRE. 

Pessimistic views of Salvian. 
I. what the Germans added. (Adams: Civilization, ch. 5.) 

a. Importance of the individual. 

b. Public assemblies. 

c. Elective monarchy. 

d. Common law. 

e. Specific customs. 

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II. HOW THE GERMANS SETTLED. 

a. Relative number. 

b. Dislike of town life. 

III. CONTRAST OF THE TWO. 

a. Roman. 

Commerce, industry, education, worship. 

b. Germanic. 
Agriculture, chase, war. 

IV. ELEMENTS IN THE ROMAN TENDING TO PRESERVE CIVILIZA- 

TION. 

a. The Church. 

Organization, missions, ideals; St. Augustine, Bede. 

b. The imperial idea. 

Awe which it inspired. Persistence. 

c. The Latin language. 

Use in Church and in education. 

d. The Roman law. 

e. The town. 

f. The villa. 

V. INTERMIXTURE. 

a. Mutual attraction. 

b. Mutual need. 

c. Orthodoxy of Franks (conversion of Clovis, 496.) 

VI. ROMAN INFLUENCE GREATER IN: 

a. Language (in what had been in Empire. ) 

b. Mechanic arts. 

c. Business arrangements. 

d. Municipal affairs. 

e. Intellectual and ecclesiastical life. 

VII. GERMAN INFUENCE GREATER IN: 

a. Military affairs. 

b. Political institutions. 
" c. Judicial procedure. 

VIII. RESULTS. 

a. Fusion in Gaul in eighth century almost complete. 

b. New civilization, less advanced than Roman, more ad- 
vanced than German. 

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CONCLUSION. COMPOSITE CHARACTER OF CIVILIZATION. 

Reflected in all institutions, e. g., difficulties in deter- 
mining origins of feudalism. 

14. MOHAMMED, 571-632 A. D. 

sources: The Koran, translated by Palmer in Sacred Books of the 
East, by Rod well, and by Sale. Lane-Poole: Speeches 
and Table Talk of the Prophet Mohammad. Lane: Selec- 
tions from the Kur-an. 

secondary works: The introductions to the five books above; 
Lane-Poole's is possibly the best to begin with. Bemont 
and Monod, ch. 10. Margoliouth: Mohammed; Moham- 
medanism. Ameer-Ali : Mohammed, chs. 1-9. Muir : 
Life of Mahomet. Becker. Goldziher. Bosworth-Smith. 
Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. II, chs. 10-12. Hur- 
gronje. Articles in the Britannica. Gibbon, ch. 50, 
History of All Nations, Vol. VII, ch. 8. 

INTRODUCTION. ARABIA IN " THE TIME OF IGNORANCE." 

Physical geography. Inhabitants (love of poetry). 
Government. Religion. 



i. 



mohammed's preparation. 

Sources. Youth. Marriage. Call to preach. 



II. EARLY YEARS IN MECCA. 

First converts. Character of preaching. Success. 

IIL LATER YEARS IN MECCA. 

Change in utterances. Opposition. "Year of mourning. "" 

IV. THE HEGIRA, 622 A. D. 

Flight to Medina. Moslem calendar. 

V. MOHAMMED IN MEDINA. 

Political and religious parties. The prophet's person- 
ality. Changes in utterances. Wars. "The Con- 
quest," 630 A. D. Last days. 

CONCLUSION. ESTIMATES OF MOHAMMED. 

Gibbon. Carlyle. Summary. 
(18) 



15. THE KORAN. 

sources: as in 14. Robinson: Readings, pp. 116-120. Ogg, 
No. 13. 

secondary works: as in 14, and Muir: The Koran. 

INTRODUCTION. DEFINITION OF KORAN. 

I. SOURCES. 

How revealed. Course of revelation. Derived elements, 
Preservation during Mohammed's life. 

II. FORM. 

Style. Dogma of the perfection of the Koran. Ar- 
rangement. Length. 

III. CONTENTS. 

Different elements. Religious teaching. Practical pre- 
cepts. Comparison with other codes. 

IV. LITERARY HISTORY. 

Preservation. Methods of interpretation. Commenta- 
tors. The Sunna. 

CONCLUSION. IMPORTANCE OF THIS BOOK IN THE HISTORY OF 
MANKIND. 

16. CONQUESTS OF MOSLEMS. 

secondary works: Bemont and Monod, ch. 11. Lane-Pooler 

Mohammedan Dynasties; Story of the Moors. Muir: Early 
Caliphate. Bury: Later Roman Empire. Oman: Byzan- 
tine Empire. Gibbon, chs, 51, 52. 

INTRODUCTION. RISE OF THE CALIPHATE. 

Meaning of Caliph. His powers. 

I. CAUSES OF EXPANSION OF ARABS. 

Significance of expansion. Causes of success. 

II. EARLY CONQUESTS IN THE EAST. 

Begin before all Arabia subdued. 
a. Syria and neighboring lands, 634-649. 

Jerusalem, 637. Armenia, 646. Cyprus, 647. Crete 
and Rhodes, 649. 

(19) 



Causes: weakness of Heraclius, and Arab population. 

b. Persia, 636-642. 

History from 226 A. D. Civilization. Decline due to 
state of religion, absolutism, and defeats by Roman 
emperors. 

c. Egypt, 639-641. 

Weakness, due to religious differences and political dis- 

affections. 

(Tale of the Alexandrian library.) 

III. INTERNAL STRIFE. 

a. Medina Period (632-661). 

"War of the Camel." Ommiads (followers of Mua- 
wiya) in Syria vs. supporters of Ali in Irak. Death of 
Ali, 661. 

b. Ommiads at Damascus (661-750). 

Medina and Mecca sacked. Arabia subjugated, 692. 
Moslem world recognizes supremacy of Ommiads. 

IV. CONQUESTS IN THE WEST. 

a. Africa, 697-708. 
Resistance of Berbers. 

Grudging acceptance of Berbers as equals by Arabs. 
Expulsion of Byzantines from N. Africa. 

b. Attacks upon Europe at extreme East and West. 

1. Siege of Constantinople, 717-719. Bulgarian aid to 
Constantinople. Retirement of Moslems. Defeat in 
Phrygia, 740. 

2. Spain, 711. (Bradley: Goths, ch. 35.) 

Story of treachery. Fate of Tarik (Mt. Gebel-Tarik- 
Gibraltar) and Mousa. Narbonne, 719; Bordeaux, 
731; Poitiers, 732; new invasion and sack of Lyons, 
743. Checked by revolt of the Berbers and impossi- 
bility of getting recruits. 

V. INTERNAL CHANGES. 

a. Caliphs at Medina. (Muir : Caliphate.) 

Elective, theocratic. Supremacy of Arabs over subject 
peoples, who pay the taxes. 

b. Ommiads at Damascus. 

Hereditary, bureaucratic. Political authority replaces 

theocratic. 

Creation of administrative machinery by Abd-el-Malik 

(685-705). 

Growth of despotism. 

(20) 



c. Abbasids at Bagdad, 762. 

Overthrow of Ommiads, 750. Irak triumphant over 

Syria. 

Establishment of absolutism. Sects. Viziers. 

Height of civilization under Haroun-al-Raschid (786- 

833) 

" 1001 Nights." Philosophy and Learning. 

VI. DIVISIONS. 

Extent of Empire by 715: Pyrenees to Indus. 

1. Escape of Ommiad prince to Spain, setting up 
[later] Caliphate of Cordova, 755. End of unity of 
Moslem world. 

2. Egypt broke away soon after, under descendant of 
Fatima, daughter of Mohammed. The [later] 
Fatimite Caliphate of Cairo. 

3. Splitting up of Empire in 11th century. Illustra- 
trations: 7 Spanish Kingdoms, 1033; Dominance of 
Seljuk Turks over Caliph at Bagdad, 1055; the 70 
sects. The Assassins. 

VII. RECON QUESTS BY THE CHRISTIANS. 

CONCLUSION. PARALLELS BETWEEN MOHAMMEDAN AND ROMAN, 
AND MOHAMMEDAN AND FRANKISH HISTORY. 



17. THE FRANKS. 

sources: Donation of Constantine and Salic Law in Henderson: 
Documents. Robinson: Readings, pp. 120-124. Thatcher 
and McNeal, Nos. 5, 6. Brehaut: Gregory of Tours. 

secondary works: Thorndike, ch. 11. Bemont and Monod, 
chs. 6, 7. Emerton: Introduction, chs 7, 10, 12. 
Adams: French Nation; Civilization, ch. 7. Hodgkin: 
Charles, pp. 1-82. Munro and Sellery, pp. 60-86, 
114-128. Henderson: Germany, chs. 3, 4. Kitchin, 
Vol. I, Bk. II, Part I, chs. 1, 2. Bryce, ch. 4. Oman: 
Europe, chs. 17, 19. Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 
II, pp. 109-158, 575-594. 

INTRODUCTION. WHY THE HISTORY OF THE FRANKS IS ESPECIALLY 
IMPORTANT. 

(21) 



I. THE FRANKISH KINGDOMS, SIXTH AND SEVENTH CENTURIES. 

a. Extent. 

b. Burgundy, Neustria, Austrasia. 

c. Civil wars. Fredegunda and Brunhilda. 

d. The government. 

e. Classes of persons. 

II. RISE OF THE MAJOR DOMUS. 

a. Decline of the Merovingians. 

b. Evolution of the Major domus. 

1. Origin of the office. 

2. Development of functions. 

3. The Arnulfings. 

4. Battle of Testry, 687. One Major domus. 

5. Pippin, Dux Francorum. 

c. Charles Martel, 715-741. 

1. Subjugation of "Tyrants." 

2. Wars against Moslems. (Precariae from Church lands.) 

3. His power. 

III. THE FRANKS AND THE CHURCH. 

a. Association earlier. 

b. Boniface. (Boniface: English Correspondence.) 

1. Education in England. 

2. Missionary activity in Gaul and Germany. 

3. Aid from, and to, Charles Martel. 

4. Results of his work. 

c. Position of the Pope in Italy. 

1. Relations with Eastern Empire. 

2. Relations with Lombards. 

d. The Pope and the Franks. 

1. The appeal for aid. 

2. Pippin, king-, 751. (Ogg, No. 14..) 
Part which the Pope took. 

3. Subjection of the Lombards. 

4. The Donations of Pippin, Constantine, Charles. 

CONCLUSION. RESULTS FOR THE PAPACY FROM THESE DONATIONS. 

18. CHARLES THE GREAT. 

sources: Einhard. Grant: Lives of Charlemagne. Translations, 
Vol. VI, No. 5, Laws. Robinson: Readings, pp. 126- 
149. Thatcher and McNeal, Nos. 7, 10-12. Ogg, 
Nos. 15-23. 

(22) 



secondary works: Thorndike, ch. 11. B6moi.it and Monod, 
ch. 12. Munro: Middle Ages, ch. 2. Emerton: Intro- 
duction, ch. 13. Adams: Civilization, pp. 154-169. 
Henderson: Germany, pp. 56-70. Mombert. Hodgkin: 
Charles. Sergeant, ch. 16. Davis. West. Gaskoin. 
Mullinger. Sandys, ch. 25. Oman: Europe, chs. 20, 
21. Hodgkin: Italy, Vols. VII, VIII. Cambridge 
Medieval History, Vol. II, chs. 18-22. History of All 
Nations, Vol. VIII, Bk. I. 

INTRODUCTION. THE INFLUENCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN HISTORY. 
I. HIS WARS. 

a. Constant activity. 

b. Roncesvalles. 

c. Saxon, the most important (Einhard, chs. 7, 8). 

d. Ring of the Huns. 

e. Other wars. 

II. EXTENT OF HIS " IMPERIUM. " 

a. Use of this word. 

b. Extent. 

c. Varied effectiveness. 

III. HIS ADMINISTRATION. 

a. State affairs, in general. 

b. Militar} 7 matters. 

c. Private property. (Capitulary " de villis,^ Translations^ 
Vol. Ill, No. 2.) 

IV. HIS LAWS. 

a. The national codes. 

b. The capitularies. 

v. his aim. (Cunningham: Western Civilization, p. lOIf..) 

a. Admiration of Roman civilization. 

b. His German nature. 

vi. his care for education. (Einhard, chs. 2Jf., 25.) 

a. State of education. 

b. Charles' reform. 

c. The Academy. 

d. The palace-school. Alcuin. Trivium and qnadrivium. 

e. Extension of influence. (Paris, p. 23.) 

f. Reform in writing. 

(23) 



VII. HIS BUILDING AND ENGINEERING PROJECTS. 

Buildings at Aachen. Canal. 

VIII. HIS CHARACTER. 

Appearance. Mental and moral characteristics. 

CONCLUSION. WHY WE CALL CHARLES GREAT. 

19. THE NEW EMPIRE. 

sources: See 18. Thatcher and McNeal, Nos. 8, 9, 11, 13, 14.. 

secondary works: Bemont and Monod, ch.- 13. Munro, eh. 2. 
Bryce, chs. 4, 5. Emerton : Introduction, ch. 14. 
Oman: Europe, ch. 22. Henderson: Germany, ch. 5. 
Sergeant, chs. 17-20. Fisher: Mediaeval Empire, Vol. I. 
Mombert. Hodgkin: Charles. Lea: Studies, pp. 31- 
45. Gregorovius, Vol. II, pp. 459-509; Vol. Ill, pp. 
1-21. 

INTRODUCTION. ETERNITY OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. (Fisher ~ 

Mediaeval Empire, ch. 1. ) 
Prophecy, Daniel, ch. II, 31-45. 

I. POSITION OF EASTERN EMPIRE. 

Loss of control in Northern Italy. 
Crimes of Irene. 

II. POSITION OF CHARLES. 

a. Alliance of Franks with Church. " The means." 
Charles, patrician. 

b. His "imperial" possessions. " The material." 
Alcuin's Bible. 

c. Troubles of Pope Leo. 
Necessity of action. 

in. coronation. Christmas day, 800. (Duncalf and Krey r 
pp. 3-26. ) 

a. How it was performed. 

b. Theories which arose. 

c. Discontent of Charles. (Einhard, ch. 28.) 

d. Results for the papacy, for Italy, and for the Franks. 

(24) 



IV. CHAELES' CONCEPTION OF HIS POSITION. 

a. The two bases of his power. 

b. His ideal. 

Capitulary of 802. (Henderson: Documents. Iransla- 
tions, Vol. VI, No. 5. ) 

c. Relations with the Church. 
" Episcopus episcoporum. ,: 

d. Relations with other powers. 

Greek Emperor. Caliph. Saxon King. 

V. THE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT. 

a. The central power. 

1. The court. 

2. The palatines, ministers, and ministerials. 

3. The council. 

b. Administrative divisions. 

1. The counts. 

2. The missi dominici (Adams: Civilization, pp. 159-162.) 

3. The dukes and margraves. 

4. The bishops. 

c. The assemblies. 

d. The courts, 
c. The finances. 

f. The condition of the free men. 

CONCLUSION. ABSOLUTISM OF CHARLES. 

20. DECLINE OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE, 814-888. 

sources: Thatcher and McNeal, Nos. 16-19, 22, 24, 25. Ogg, 

No. 28. 

secondary works: Bemont and Monod, ch. 14. Munro, eh. A 
Emerton: Mediaeval Europe, chs. 1, 2. Bryce, ch. 6. 
Henderson: Germany, chs. 6, 7. Oman: Europe, chs. 
23-25. Sergeant, chs. 21, 22. Adams: Civilization, ch. 
8; French Nation, chs. 4, 5. Cunningham: Western Civil- 
ization, Vol. II, pp. 40-54. Kitchin, Bk. II, Pt. II, 
chs. 3, 4. Barry. 

INTRODUCTION. EMPIRE, WORK OF CHARLES THE GREAT. 

a. Difficulties which he had surmounted. 

b. Principles on which the empire rested. 

(25) 



CAUSES OF DISSOLUTION. 

a. Great officials. 

b. Nationalities. 

c. Union of Church and State. 

d. Exhaustion of Franks. 

e. Difficulties of communication. 

f. Principle of division. {Translations, Vol. VI, No. 
pp. 27-83.) 



5, 



II. LEWIS THE PIOUS, OR DEBONAIR, 778-840. 

a. Character. Contrast with Charles. 
Scholarship. Piety. Subserviency to the Church. 
Coronation, 816. Penance of Attigny, 822. 

b. Hostility which he provoked. 

c. Marriage with Judith. 

III. DIVISIONS OF THE EMPIRE. 

a. Division of 817. {Henderson: Documents, pp. 201-207.) 
■Rebellion of Bernard. Birth of Charles (the Bald), 822 . 

b. Later divisions in 828, 833, "Field of Lies," 839. 
(6 divisions, 817-840.) 

IV. PARTITION OF VERDUN. 

a. Battle of Fontenay, 841. 

b. Oaths of Strassburg, 842. (Emerton: Europe, pp. 25-28. 
Ogg, No. 24. Munro, p. 20. ) 

c. Verdun, 843. Meaning. {Ogg, No. 25. Oman: Europe, 
pp. 409-4-11.) ■ 

V. RISE OF NEW KINGDOMS. 

1. East Frankish, to 918. 

a. What it included. Real strength. 

b. Lack of unity. 

Duchies: Bavaria, Suabia, Franconia, Saxony (Lor- 
raine). Marches : Pannonia (Austria), Carinthia, Bo- 
hemia, Thuringia, Dania, Schleswig, Rhetia. 
Differences in law, language, customs. 

2. Italy. 

a. Lack of unity. Inhabitants. 

b. Political division. Lay vs. ecclesiastical power. 

3. West Frankish. 

a. Limits by Verdun. 

b. Charles the Bald. 

(26) 



c. Capitulary of Kiersey. (Translations, Vol. IV, No. 3.) 

d. Invasions. 

e. Rise of the dukes of France. 

f. The last Carolingians. 

g. Capetians, 987 A.. D. (Ogg, No. 29.) 

4. Lorraine. 

5. Burgundy. 

6. Provence. 

7. Navarre. 

In all seven: triumph of aristocracy, elective principle, 
invasions. 

•CONCLUSION. FATE OF THE IMPERIAL TITLE. 



21. NORTHMEN AND NORMANS. 

^sources: Robinson: Readings, pp. 150-170. Heimskringla of 
Snorri Sturluson. Corpus poeticum boreale. Ordericus 
Vitalis. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. William of Malmes- 
bu.ry. Florence of Worcester. Colby, pp. 19-26, 29- 
36. Dasent. Ogg, Nos. 26, 27, 30. Bayeux Tapestry. 

secondary works: Bemont and Monod, cb. 15. Thorndike, 
ch. 12. Munro, ch. 4. Haskins. Mawer. Johnson: 
Normans. Oman: Art of War, Book III, chs. 2, 3. 
Beazley: Modern Geography, Vol. II, ch. 2. Articles on 
Normandy and Normans, in Britannica. Larson : Canute. 
Green: English People, Book I, ch. 3; Conquest of Eng- 
land. Oman : England. Hull. Freeman : Norman 
Conquest. Keary. Kitchin, Vol. I. Joyce. Du 
Chaillu. Cutts: Scenes and Characters, pp. 311 ff. 

INTRODUCTION. INVASIONS BY SARACENS, MAGYARS, AND NORTH- 
MEN. 

I. THE NORTHMEN. 

Home, character, religion, government. 

II. MIGRATIONS OF NORTHMEN. 

a. Causes. 

b. Methods. 

Vessels. • Character of raids. Routes. Settlements in 
rivers. 



III. IRELAND, 795. 

(27) 



IV. THE NORTHMEN IN THE FRANKISH REALM. 

a. Rouen, 842 ; Saucourt, 881 ; Paris, 885-886. Frisia- 
Consequences of their invasions. 

b. Normandy. 

Change in civilization. Piety. Characteristics of Nor- 
mans. 

V. ENGLAND AND THE NORTHMEN. 

a. Danish invasions in the first half of the ninth century. 

b. The Danelagh. 

c. Alfred and the Danes. {Ogg, Nos. 31-32. Plummer : 
Alfred. ) 

d. Danish conquest, 1017. 

e. Norman Conquest, 1066. (Ogg, Nos. 40, 4-1. Freeman r 
William the Conqueror. Stenton : William. ) 

f. Northmen in Ireland, Scotland, and the isles. 

VI. NORMANS IN ITALY. 

a. First settlements. 

b. Growth of kingdom. 

c. The Normans and the Pope. 

d. The Normans and the Greek Empire. 

e. The Normans and the Western Empire. 

VII. OTHER VENTURES OF THE NORTHMEN AND NORMANS. 

a. Constantinople. Varangian guard. 

b. Russia. Name. 

c. Spain. Ill success. 

CONCLUSION. WHAT THEY ACCOMPLISHED. WHY THEY HAVE: 
BEEN ABSORBED. 

22. FEUDALISM. 

sources: Translations, Vol. IV, No. 3, Documents illustrative of 
Feudalism. Robinson: Readings, pp. 171-186. Jonesr 
Studies, No. 5, Feudalism. Thatcher and McNeal, pp. 
341-387. Ogg, Nos. 34-38. 

secondary works: Bemont and Monod, ch. 16. Adams : 
Civilization, ch. 9. Emerton : Introduction, ch. 15 ;: 
Mediaeval Europe, ch. 14. Thorndike, ch. 13. Munro, 
ch. 5. Munro and Sellery, pp. 18-33, 159-211. 
Seignobos. Lea: Studies, pp. 342-391. Article Feud- 
alism in Britannica. Stubbs: Constitutional History, 
Vol. I, § 93. Bateso'n, chs. 2, 8. Luchaire, ch. 8. 
Mortet, in La Grande Encyclopedic Oman: Art of War*.. 
pp. 510-553. Wergeland. 
(28) 



INTRODUCTION. WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM. 
I. CAUSES. 

a. Older institutions. 

b. General conditions of society. 

Developments under Charles Martel and Charles the 
Great. 

II. ELEMENTS. 

a. Personal — Commendation and vassalage. 

b. Territorial — Benefice and fief. 

c. Governmental — Immunity, by grant or by usurpation. 

III. CLASSES. 

a. Suzerain, vassal, serf, etcetera. 

b. Reciprocal relations. 

c. Subinfeudation. 

d. Complications. 

IV. FEUDAL INSTITUTIONS. 

a. Fiefs. Different kinds. 

b. Homage and fealty. 

c. General duties of lords and vassals. 

d. Special rights of lords. 

1. Over marriages. 

2. Wardship. 

3. Reliefs. 

4. Aids. 

5. Coinage. 

6. Miscellaneous. 

e. Military duty of vassals. 

f. Justice. 

g. Forfeiture. 

v. the tillers of the soil. (See Lecture 3£, The Manor. ) 

VI. FEUDALISM AT WORK.' 

a. Feudalism and the State. 

b. Feudalism and the Church. 

c. Feudalism and civilization. 

CONCLUSION. PERSISTENCE OF FEUDAL IDEAS. 

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23. THE CHURCH IN THE NINTH AND TENTH 

CENTURIES. 

sources: Translations, Vol. IV, No. 4, Excommunication, Inter- 
dict, etc. Robinson: Readings, pp. 86-97, 250-260. 
Thatcher and McNeal, pp. 82-121. 

secondary works: Emerton: Europe, chs. 2, 4. Thorndike, 
ch. 15. Lea: Studies. Cunningham: Western Civiliza- 
tion, pp. 17-40. Munro, ch. 3. Munro and Sellery, 
pp. 114-152, 376-405. Keary, ch. 16 Green: Making- 
of England, pp. 335-370. Milman, Book V, chs. 4-7. 
Gregorovius, Vol. Ill, pp. 120-155. Flick. Barry. 
Lagarde. Montalembert. Eckenstein, chs. 4, 5. Church 
Histories. 

I. THE PAPACY. 

a. Position in the time of Lewis the Pious and his successors.. 

b. The patrimony of St. Peter. 

1. What it was in the beginning. 

2. Donations of Pippin, Constantine, Charles the Greats 

3. Donations of weak emperors. 

4. Donations of Otto the Great and later emperors. 

c. The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals. (Davenport.) 

1. Weaknesses of earlier collections. 

2. How the collection was formed. 

3. What it contained. 

4. Probable date. 

5. Characteristics and aims. 

6. Anachronisms. 

d. Nicholas I. ( Gregorovius, Vol. Ill pp. 120-155. ) 
His struggles. 

1. Ignatius and Photius. 

2. Hincmar. 

3. Lothair. 

e. Papacy to 963. 

1. Conditions in Rome. 

2. Parties contending for control. 

3. Results for the papacy. 

4. Typical characters and incidents. (Gregorovius, VoL 
HI, pp. 22^-229. ) • 

II. THE CHURCH AS AN INSTITUTION. 

a. Its organization. 
1. The popes. 

(30) 



2. The secular clergy. 

3. The regular clergy. 

4. The laity. 

b. Its means of control. 

1. Penance. 

2. Terror. 

3. Excommunication. (Lea: Studies.) 

4. (Interdict.) (Howland, in Report of Am. Hist. Ass., 
1899, Vol. I, pp. 431-448. Krehbiel.) 

c. Its revenues. 

1. Property. 
Feudal dues. 

2. Donations. 
Mortmain. 

3. Tithes and fees. 

d. Its services to civilization. 

III. MONASTICI3M. 

a. Spread and influence. 

b. Services. ( Cunningham : Western Civilization, Vol, II, 
§ 82. Reprinted in Munro and Sellery.) 

1. Economic. 

2. Literary. 

3. Social. 

c. Cluny and its reforms. (Henderson: Documents, pp t 
329-333. Ogg, No. 42. Tout, ch. 5.) 

conclusion, fable of the year 1000. (Burr, in Am. Hist* 
Review, Vol. VI, pp. £29-4.39. ) 

24. THE GERMAN-ROMAN EMPIRE. 

sources: Robinson: Readings, pp. 245-250. Thatcher and Mc« 
Neal, pp. 69-81. 

secondary works: Brvce, chs. 7-9. Emerton: Europe, chs. 
3-6. Tout, chs. 2, 3. Thorndike, ch. 14. Bemont 
and Monod, ch. 17. Adams : Civilization, ch. 10. 
Henderson : Germany, chs. 8-13. Munro, ch. 6. 
Fisher: Mediaeval Empire, ch. 1. Fletcher, Vol. I. 
Freeman: Holy Roman Empire, in Essays, Vol. I. Mil- 
man, Books, V, VI. Gregorovius, Vols. Ill, IV. 
History of all Nations, Vol. VIII, Bk. II. Allen: Pope 
Sylvester II, in English Historical Review, October, 1892. 
(31) 



INTRODUCTION. FATE OF THE IMPERIAL TITLE IN THE FIRST HALF 
OF THE TENTH CENTURY. 

I. CONDITIONS IN ROME AND IN ITALY. 

II. THE NEW GERMAN KINGDOM. 

a. The duchies. 

b. The nobles, lay and ecclesiastical. 

c. The dynasties: Saxon, 918-1024; Franconian, 1024- 
1125. 

d. Policy of the different kings for lessening feudal control. 

e. The lure of Italy. 

HI. OTTO THE GREAT, 936-973. 

a. Consolidation of his power. 

b. Interference in Italy. 

c. Coronation, 962. 

IV. CONTRAST WITH EMPIRE OF CHARLES THE GREAT. 

&. Extent. 

b. Administration. 

c. Ideals. 

d. Relations with the papacy. 

e. Relations with the Greek Empire. 

V. OTTO II AND OTTO III, " THE WONDER OF THE WORLD." 

a. Conditions which controlled their activity. 

b. Growing strength of local powers in Germany and Italy. 

c. The papacy. 
Gerbert (Sylvester II). 

VI. EMPIRE TO 1056. 

a. German interests. 

b. Conquest of Burgundy. 

c. Henry III, 1039-1056. 

1. His position in Germany. 

2. Interference in Italy. 

Condition of papacy; appeal to Henry; the Council 
of Sutri and its action. 

3. The German popes. 

CONCLUSION. ADVANTAGES OF THE INTIMATE ASSOCIATION OF 
EMPERORS AND POPES. 

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25. THE INVESTITURE STRUGGLE. 

sources: Duncan* and Krey: Source Problems, pp. 29-91. Hen- 
derson: Documents, pp. 361-409. Robinson, Readings, 
pp. 266-293. Thatcher and McNeal, pp. 121-166. 
Ogg, Nos. 45-50. 

secondary works: Bryce, ch. 10. Emerton: Europe, chs. 7, 8. 
Henderson: Germany, ch. 14. Tout, eh. 6. Thorn- 
dike, ch; 15. Bemont and Monod, ch. 18. Monro, 
ch. 7. Barry. Flick. Brook. Miller. Medley. 
Milman, Book VII. Stephens: Hildebrand. Gregor- 
ovius, Vol. IV, Bk. VII, chs. 4-7; Bk. VIII, chs. 1, 2. 
History of All Nations, Vol. IX, Bk. I. Mann, Vol. 
VII. Church Histories. 

INTRODUCTION. EVILS FROM WHICH THE CHURCH WAS SUFFERING. 

Simony. Illicit relations of clergy. Influence of feudal 
customs. 

I. LEO IX (1048-1054) AND HIS FRENCH POLICY. 

Forerunner of the great strife. 

a. What he attained. Appeals to Rome. 

b. Why he chose France. 

c. Why he accomplished no more. 

ii. hildebrand, 1046-1073. (Mathew.) 

a. Origin and early life. 

b. Position and activity, to 1073. 

c. New strength of papacy. 
Relations with Normans in Italy. 
Electoral decree of Nicholas II. Cardinals. 

III. HENRY IV, 1056-1106. 

a. Evils of the minority. 

b. Character. 

c. The Saxon war, to 1075. 

IV. GREGORY VII, 1073-1085. 

a. Efforts for reform. 

Celibacy. Checking simony. Insistence on canonical 
election. 

b. The decree of lay investiture of 1075. 
Double position of church officials. 
Gregory's aims. 

(33) 



V. the steuggle. (Duncalf and Krey, pp. 29-91.) 

a. Deposition of Gregory by Henry and German bishops. 

b. Excommunication and deposition of Henry. 

c. Allies of each party. 

d. Canossa, 1077. 
Meaning and importance. 

e. Elections of anti-king and anti-pope. 

f. Capture of Rome. 

g. Death of Gregory. Reported death-saying, 
h. Later strife under Henry IV and Henry V. 
i. Concordat of Worms, 1122. 

j. Compromise in England. {Gee and Hardy, p. 63.) 
k. Persistence of lay influence in choice of clergy. 

CONCLUSION. MENTAL FEEMENT AEOUSED BY THIS STE1FE. ' 

26. CHIVALRY. 

soueces: Jones: Studies, No. 4, Chivalry and the Mode of War- 
fare. Froissart. 

secondaey woeks: Munro, ch. 13. T&y] or: Medieval Mind, 
Vol. I, chs. 22, 23. Munro and Sellery, pp. 240-247. 
Luchaire, chs. 9-12. Gautier. Cutts: Scenes and Char- 
acters, pp. 326-422. Oman: Art of War. Cornish. 
Catholic University Bulletin, Vol. VIII, pp. 317-339. 
Wright: Womankind; Homes of Other Days. Clark. 
Harvey. Seignobos. Viollet-le-Duc. 

INTEODUCTION. INTIMATE ASSOCIATION OF FEUDAL AND EELIGIOUS 
IDEAS. 

I. SOUECES. 

a. German elements. 

b. Christian elements. 

II. EDUCATION OF THE KNIGHT. 

(No one born knight.) 

a. As page. 

b. As squire. 

The gay sciences. 

III. IDEALS OF THE KNIGHT. 

Fraternity, honor, protection, inviolability of oaths and 
heralds, fidelity, bravery. 

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IV. CEREMONY IN ADMISSION INTO KNIGHTHOOD. 

Mixture of Christian and early German usages. 

V. EEALITY. 

Typical actions. Richard the Lion-Hearted. 

VI. THE HOME OF THE KNIGHT. {BateSOn, chs. 2, 8, lJf.) 

a. Construction of the castle. 

b. Life in the castle. {Archer and Kingsford, ch. 19.) 
Meals. Occupations. Amusements. Minstrels. 

VII. METHODS OF WARFARE. 

a. Adaptation of Roman methods. 

b. Use of cavalry. 

c. Arms and armor. {Archer and Kingsford, ch. 28. 
Barnard : Companion, ch. Jf. ) 

d. Siegecraft. 

e. Development of long-bow. 

VIII. CUSTOMS. 

a. Truce of God. {Henderson: Documents, pp. 208, ff. 
Iranslations, Vol. I, No. 2, pp. 8, ff.) 

b. Wager of battle. {Translations, Vol. IV, No. 4-, PP- 
19 ff.) 

c. Knight-errantry. 

d. Jousts and tournaments. 

CONCLUSION. IMPORTANCE OF IDEALS FOR FUTURE CIVILIZATION. 

27. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE. 
sources: Henderson: Documents, Appendix. 

secondary works: Bemont and Monod, ch. 21. Thorndike, 
ch. 10. Munro, ch. 10. Tout, ch. 7. Munro and 
Sellery, pp. 87-113, 212-223. Harrison: Meaning of 
History, chs. 11, 12; Early Byzantine History. Jorga. 
Oman: Byzantine Empire, chs. 9-20; Europe, ch. 28; 
Art of War, Book IV, ch. 4; Book V. Cambridge 
Medieval History. Freeman: Essays, Vol. III. Lavisse 
•et Ram baud, Vol. I. ch. 18. Finlay. Bury, in Eng- 
lish Historical Review, Vol. IV, pp. 41-64, 251-285. 
Brooks, in English Historical Review, Vol. XV, pp. 728- 
747. Bury : Later Roman Empire; Eastern Roman 
Empire. 

(35) 



INTRODUCTION. FINLAY's 3 DIVISIONS. 

I. HISTORY TO 1095. 

a. False estimates. 
Gibbon. Taine. 

b. " Constant vitality and power of revival." 

c. Heraclius and his family, 610-717. 
Wars and anarchy. 

Arab conquests an index of strength. 

d. The Isaurians, 717-813. (Leo III, 717-741.) 
Iconoclasm. 

e. The Armenians, 813-867. (Leo V, 813-820.) 

f. The Macedonians, 867-1057. (Basil I, 867-886.) 
The first Bulgarian Empire, 893-1014. 
Conversion of the Russians. 

g. The Comneni. 
Norman attacks. 
Advance of Seljuks. 

Difficulties of Alexius I, 1081-1118. 

II. WHY THIS HISTORY IS COMPARATIVELY UNINTERESTING. 

a. Ludicrous side. 

b. Conservatism. 

c. History of a government, not of a people. 
Confusion of civil and military power. 
Despotism tempered by succession and Church. 

d. History of a city, and not a free city. (cf. Roman 
history. ) 

III. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS. 

a. Land, 

b. People. 

c. Government. 

d. Army. 

IV. SERVICES. 

a. Bulwark of Europe. 

b. Preservation of Greek and Roman culture. 

c. Maintenance of European commerce. 

d. Preservation of idea of Roman Empire. 

e. Embodiment of principle of permanence. 

f. Civilizer of Eastern Europe. 

CONCLUSION. POSITION OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 

a. Enabled it to perform these services. 

b. Eastern question to-day. 

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28. THE SARACEN CIVILIZATION. 

sources: Arabian Nights. 

secondary works: Munro, ch. 9. Munro and Sellery, pp. 
224-239. Beazley, Vol. I, pp. 392 ff. Lane: Arabian 
Society. Gilman. Lane-Poole: Moors. Watts, chs. 
1, 2. Ameer Ali, chs. 25, 31. Gibbon, ch. 52. Os- 
born, pp. 151 ff. Burke. Sandys, Vol. I, chs. 22-23. 
Lavisse et Rambaud, Vol. I, ch. 15. Le Strange: 
Palestine; Baghdad, chs. 1-3. Chapman. Hill. 

INTRODUCTION. POSSESSIONS OF ISLAM, 1000 A. D. 

I. SOURCES. 

a. Arabic, Persian, Jewish, Greek, Indian. 

b. Intermediate role. 

II. LINES OF GREATEST ADVANCE. 

a. Tolerance. 

b. Agriculture. 
Irrigation. Arab Spain. 

c. Medicine and the natural sciences. 
Panacea. Philosopher's stone. Elixir. 

d. Commerce and traveling. 
Noted travelers. 

e. Mathematics. 

f. Literature. 

g. System of education. 

III. WEALTH. 

a. Bagdad. (Cordova.) 

b. Refinement. 

CONCLUSION. OUR DEBT TO THIS CIVILIZATION. 

Words from Arabic. 

29. THE CRUSADES. 

sources: Archer: Crusade of Richard I. Chronicles of the Crusades. 
Wright: Early Travels in Palestine. Munro and Sellery, 
pp. 257-268. Translations, Vol. I, No. 2, Urban and 
the Crusaders; No. 4, Letters of the Crusaders, Vol. Ill, 
No. 1, The Fourth Crusade. Thatcher and McNeal, pp. 
510-544. Henderson: Documents, pp. 333.-344. Ogg^, 
Nos. 51-52. Beha-eddin. 

(37) 



secondary works: Archer and Kingsford. Tout, chs. 8, 13, 
15, 19. Munro, ch. 11. Adams: Civilization, ch. 11. 
Bemont and Monod, ch. 22. Munro and Sellery, pp. 
246-256, 269-276. Sybel. Essays on the Crusades, by 
Munro, Prutz, and Diehl. Conder. Oman: Byzantine 
Empire, chs. 21-23; Art of War, Book 5. Finlay, Vols. 
Ill, IV. Lavisse et Rambaud, Vol. II, ch. 6. Steven- 
son. Lane-Poole: Egypt. 

INTRODUCTION. CONTRAST OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION WITH BYZAN- 
TINE AND SARACEN. 

I. CONCEPTION OF THE CRUSADES. 

a. Episode in the struggle between the East and the West. 
b.J Not fanatical attempts, or Volkerwanderungen, or mere 
outgrowths of pilgrimage. 

II. "^ CAUSES. 

a. The Turks (appeal of Alexius). 

b. Conditions in the West. 

1. Piety. 

2. Pilgrimage. 

3. Love of war and adventure. 

4. Ambition. 

5. Poverty. 

c. Speech of Urban II at Clermont. {Am. Hist. Review, 
Jan., 1906.) 

1. His arguments. 

2. Enthusiasm. 

d. Preaching of Peter the Hermit. 

III. THE FIRST CRUSADE. 

a. Undisciplined bands. 

Leaders. Persecution of Jews. Fate. 

b. The real army. 

1. The leaders. 

Character of host. Lack of unity and discipline. 

2. Alexius and the crusaders. 

3. Capture of Nicaea. 

4. Siege of Antioch. 

2. Capture of Jerusalem. (Duncalfand Krey, pp. 95-133. ) 

6. Election of Godfrey. 

c. Importance of this crusade. 

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iv. ' ' the kingdom of Jerusalem. ' ' ( The 4 crusading states. ) 

a. Geography. 

Size and form. Climate. Fertility. Inhabitants. 
Divisions (political). 

b. Capture of additional cities. 

1. Continuous stream of pilgrimage. 
(Crusade of 1101 and its fate.) 

2. Disunion among opponents. 

3. Acre 1104, Beyrout and Sidon 1110, Tyre 1124. 

4. Templars and Hospitallers. (Ferris, in Am. Hist. 
Review, Vol. VIII, pp. Iff.) 

c. The Second Crusade. 

1. Imadeddin Zangi. 

2. Loss of Edessa. 

3. Bernard of Clairvaux. ( Ogg, Nos. 4-3, 4-4- ) 

4. The crusade and its fate. 

d. Decline of kingdom. 

1. Causes of weakness. 

2. Rise of Saladin. 

3. Loss of Jerusalem. 

V. THE THIRD CRUSADE. 

a. Effect of loss of Jerusalem. 

b. Frederick I. 

c. Richard the Lion-Hearted and Philip Augustus. 

d. The siege of Acre. 

e. Richard and Saladin. (Lane- Poole : Saladin.) 

vi. the fourth crusade. (Pears : Fall of Constantinople.) 

a. Opportunity for Christians. 

b. The German crusade. 

c. The French knights and Venice. 

d. Diversion of the crusade. 
Greek Empire, twelfth century. 

e. Capture of Constantinople. 

f. Latin Empire, 1204-1261. 

g. Effect of conquest on Holy Land. 

vii. the children's crusade. (Am. Hist. Rev., Vol. XIXj 
pp. 5 16-524..) 

a. Story of the crusade. 

b. Importance, as illustrating the opposite motive to the 
fourth crusade. 

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VIII. THE FIFTH CRUSADE. 

a. Fate of Egyptian expedition. 

b. Frederick II and his diplomatic crusade. 

c. Results. 

IX. THE SIXTH CRUSADE. 

a. Character of St. Louis. {Perry: St. Louis.) 

b. His two expeditions. 

X. LOSS OF THE HOLY LAND. 

a. Acre lost 1291. 

b. General causes of the failure of the crusades. 

xi. results of the crusades. ( Prutz, in Essays. Archer and 
Kingsford, ch. 28. ) 

a. Political. 

b. Ecclesiastical and religious. 

c. Social and economic. 

d. Intellectual. 

e. Summary. 

XII. CRUSADES IN THE WEST. 

a. In Spain, to 1492. 

b. The Albigensian crusade, 1209-1229. 
The Inquisition. 

c. The Teutonic knights in Prussia, 1226-1283. 

d. Other crusades. 

1. Religious. 

2. Political. 

CONCLUSION. IMPOSSIBILITY OF AROUSING ENTHUSIASM FOR THE 
CRUSADES AFTER THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. 

30. THE POPES AND THE HOHENSTAUFENS. 
GERMANY AND ITALY. 

sources: Henderson: Documents, pp. 211-218, 410-430. Dante: 
De Monarchia. Thatcher and McNeal, pp. 166-259. 
Robinson: Readings, ch. 15. Ogg, Nos. 58, 59. 

secondary works: Bryce, chs. 11-13. Tout, chs. 10, 11, 16 r 
21. Thorndike, ch. 23. Emerton: Europe, cbs. 9, 10. 
Bemont and Monod, chs. 19, 20. Munro, ch. 17. 
Henderson: Germany, chs. 15-26. Brown: Venetian. 
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Republic, pp. 5-118. Freeman: Essays, Vol. I, pp. 
252 ff. Balzani. Duffy. Sedgwick. Medley. Butler. 
Barry. Macaulay, in English Historical Review, Vol. 
VI, pp. 1-17. Fisher: Mediseval Empire, chs. 12, 13. 
History of All Nations, Vol. IX, Bk. II. 

INTRODUCTION. HOW THIS STRUGGLE DIFFERED FROM THE INVES- 
TITURE STRUGGLE. 

I. STRUGGLE FOR FRANCONIAN INHERITANCE. 

a. Rise of the Hohenstaufens. 

b. Election of Lothair, Duke of Saxony, 1125-1137. 

c. Struggle for lands of Henry V. (Property of Matilda. ) 

d. Succession of Conrad, first Hohenstaufen Emperor, 
1138-1152. 

e. Condition of Empire. 
Otto of Freising's view. 

II. FREDERICK BARBAROSSA, 1152-1190. 

a. Character and prospects. 
Otto of Freising, again. 

b. Power in Germany. 
North vs. South. 

Henry the Lion. ( Poole. ) 
Position of cities. 

c. Affairs at Rome. Arnold of Brescia. (Gregorovius, 
Vol. IV, pp. 4-92-548. ) 

Frederick's action. 

d. Relations with pope. 

Besancon episode. (Henderson: Documents, pp. 410- 

419. ) 

Property of Matilda. 

e. The Lombard cities. 

Roncaglian diet. Imperial regalia. Influence of Roman 

law. 

Legnano, 1176. Peace of Constance, 1183. (Ogg, 

No. 70.) 

f. The Norman marriage, 1186. Its consequences for 
Italy and Germany. ( Gregorovius, IV, pp. 624-625. ) 

g. Crusade and death. 

III. HENRY vi, 1190-1197. 

a. Extent of his Empire. 

b. His ability and ambition. 

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c. Resources from capture of Richard the Lion-Hearted, 
who becomes his vassal. 

d. Success in Norman Italy. 

e. Relations with Cyprus, Constantinople, and Jerusalem. 

f. Election of Frederick II, and death of Henry VI. 

IV. innocent in, 1198-1216. 

a. His policy. 

b. Conditions in Germany, Sicily, Italy, England. 

c. Apogee of papal power. (See Lecture 38. ) 

V. Frederick ii, 1212-1250. (Allshom. Ogg, No. 7.) 

King of Sicily, 1097-1250. 

a. His youth. Innocent III, guardian. 

b. His accession. 

c. Policy in Germany and Sicily. 

d. His struggle with the papacy. (Connected with e. 
below. ) 

His vow. Crusade. Peace of San Germane Excom- 
munication. ) 

Council of Lyons, 1245. Project to form a national 
church (?) 

e. His struggle with Lombard cities, 1239-1250. 

His theories and ambitions. (Influence of Roman law. ) 

Position and aims of cities. 

This struggle, key to fate of family. 

VI. THE LAST OF THE HOHENSTAUFENS. 

a. Charles of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily, as protege 
of pope. 

b. Sicilian Vespers, 1281. 

CONCLUSION. THE GREAT INTERREGNUM IN GERMANY, 1254-1273. 

Imperial power decadent. Colonizing activity of people 

in the East. 

Teutonic Order and Knights of the Sword. 

PROPER NAMES, ETC. 

31. THE NEW NATIONS. FRANCE, ENGLAND, SPAIN. 

sources: For England, Translations, etc., Vol. I, No. 6, Con- 
stitutional Documents. Collections by Lee, Colby, and 
Adams and Stephens. Ogg, Nos. 54, 55. 
For Spain : Chronicles of the Cid. Chronicles of James I, 
ed. by Forster. 

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secondary works: Adams: Civilization, chs. 13, 14.' Lavisse. 
Thorndike, ch. 14. 

France — Adams : French Nation. Masson : Medieval 
France. Kitchin. Walker : Increase of Royal Power. 
Emerton: Europe, ch. 12. Munro, chs. 7, 18. 
England — Stubbs: Constitutional History. Green: Eng- 
lish People. Stubbs : PlantageneU. Norgate : England 
under the Angevin Kings; John LacHand. Munro, chs. 
8, 19. Adams. Davis. Hodgkin. Oman. Tout. 
Spain — Watts: Christian Recovery. Lane-Poole: Moors. 
Burke. Hume. Butler-Clarke. Munro, ch. 20. Merri- 
man. Chapman. 

INTRODUCTION. CONDITIONS IN GERMANY AND ITALY. (Jamison. 

Villari. ) 

I. DEVELOPMENT OF FRANCE. ( Tout, chs. J/., 12, 17. ) 

a. The last Carolingians. 

1. Extent of kingdom. 

2. Extent of power. 

3. The dukes of France. 

b. The Capetian line. 

1. Election of Hugh Capet, 987. 

2. Two-fold position of the king. 

3. Principle of heredity. 

4. Principle of primogeniture. 

5. Several long reigns. 

6. Policy of Louis VI, le Gh-os, 1108-1137. 

7. Philip Augustus, 1180-1223. (Hutton: Philip 
Augustus. ) 

8. St. Louis, 1226-1270. {Joinville. Perry: St. Louis. 
Ogg, No. 56. Munro and Sellery, pp. 366-375, 491- 
523 ) 

9. Philip the Fair, 1285-1314. 

c. Growth of royal domain. 

d. Development of the royal authority. 

1. Struggle of monarchy to regain powers of which it 
had been deprived by feudalism and the Church. 

2. Development of governmental machinery, 
(a) Local government. 

Prevot. 
Bailli. 
Edict of 1190. 

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(b) Central government. Initial restrictions upon; 
legislative and judicial power. 
Curia Regis. 
Chamber of Accounts. 
Great Council. 
Parlement of Paris, 
Estates-General, 1302. 
e. Condition of France, 1314. 

II. DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLAND. 

a. The rule of William, Duke of Normandy, 1066-1087. 

1. Gregory VII's support of William's claims to the- 
English throne. 

2. The conquest of England, 1066-1071. 

3. The status of the feudal nobles. 

4. The status of the clergy. 

5. William's relation to the pope. 

6. The Domesday Book. 

7. Results of the Conquest. 

b. Henry I, 1100-1135. 

1. The Charter of Liberties. 

2. The Investiture Struggle, — the Compromise of 1106. 

3. Development of administrative machinery — curia 
regis and the Exchequer. 

4. Fusion of the races — Anglo-Saxons, Danes, Normans. 

c. The feudal anarchy in the time of Matilda and Stephen,, 
1135-1154. (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.) 

d. Henry II, 1154-1189. {Green: Henry II.) 

1. His continental fiefs. 

2. His administrative reforms in England. 

(a) The law courts. 

(b) Itinerant justices and the common law. (Mait- 
land. Chambers. White. ) 

(c) The jury system of inquest and trial. (Cross r 
pp. 116-117. Haskins.) 

3. The controversy with the Church. 

(a) The Constitutions of Clarendon. 

(b) Thomas Becket. (Gee and Hardy. Hutton : St. 

Thomas. Fr ov.de.) 

4. The annexation of Ireland. (Barnard: Strongbow'' s= 
Conquest of Ireland. ) 

e. Richard I, 1189-1199. 

1. Participation in the third crusade. 

2. Prisoner of Emperor Henry VI. 

3. Growth of towns. 

(44) 



1 The Great Charter {Magna Carta), 1215. (Translations, 
etc., Vol. I, No. 6.) 

1. The struggle between King John and Pope Inno- 
cent III. 

2. John's quarrel with the barons. 

3. Restriction of royal despotism by insistence on feudal 
rights. 

g. Beginnings of Parliament. 

1. The Witanagemot and the Great Council. 

2. Simon de Montfort's parliament, 1295. 
h. Edward I, 1272-1307. {Tout: Edivard I.) 

1 . Wales and Scotland. 

2. The "Model Parliament," 1295. 

3. The struggle with Pope Boniface VIII. 

4. Expulsion of the Jews. 

5. His statutes. {Stubbs.) 

in. spatn. (Tout, ch. 20.) 

a. Mohammedan Spain. Hardly European. 

b. Beginnings of Christian recovery of Spain. Southward 
advance. 

c. Almoravides (1086) and Almohades (1146). 

d. Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, 1212. 

e. Political divisions, 1300. 

1. Castile and Leon. St. Ferdinand, 1217-1252 ; 
Alphonso the Wise, 1252-1284. 

2. Aragon. The three semi-independent divisions. 
James the Conqueror, 1213-1276. (Swift: James I 
of Aragon.) 

3. Portugal. Independent, 1139. (Stephens : Portugal.) 

4. Navarre. 

5. Granada. (Moorish.) 

f. Effects of the Moorish Wars. 
Military organization. 

Power of clergy. Religious and military orders. 
Importance of the middle class. 

g. The Cortes. (Sellery : Syllabus, Lecture 6. ) 

CONCLUSION. LINES OF FUTURE DEVELOPMENT. 



32. THE NEW NATIONS: SCANDINAVIAN KINGDOMS. 

source: Larson: The King's Mirror. 

■secondary works: Books under 21, and Gjerset. Boyesen. 

(45) 



INTRODUCTION. SCANDINAVIA BEFORE THE TENTH CENTURY. 
I. DENMARK. 

a. Early History. 

b. Cnut and his conquests. 

c. Progress of Christianity. 

d. Waldemar the Great, 1137-1182, and his sons. 

e. Decline in the thirteenth century. 

II. SWEDEN. 

a. The traditional history.- 

b. Progress of Christianity. 

c. Civil wars. 
Disappearance of peasantry. 
Power of nobles and clergy. 

III. NORWAY. 

a. Character of territory; contrast with Denmark and 
Sweden. 

b. Unification by Harold Haarfager, 863-c. 933. 

c. Progress of Christianity. 

d. Civil wars. 

e. Hakon IV. 

Conquest of Iceland, 1260. 

f. Decline of Norway. 

CONCLUSION. SCANDINAVIA, ABOUT 1300. 

33. THE NEW NATIONS: THE SLAVS. 

secondary works: Gibbon, ch. 55, and (ed. Bury) Vol. VI r 
pp. 540-554. Kluchevsky: Russia. Kovalewsky: Russia. 
Mavor: Russia. Beazley, et al. : Russia. Ram baud: 
Russia. Wallace:, Russia. Morfill: Poland; Russia. 
Vambery: Hungary. Miller: Balkans. Liitzow: Bo- 
hemia. Temperley: Serbia. Cambridge Medieval' His- 
tory, Vol. II, ch. 14. 

INTRODUCTION. ORIGIN. 
I. EARLY HISTORY. 

a. Migrations. 

b. Territory in seventh century. 

c. Civilization, especially, the state of agriculture. 

d. Samo, King of the Slavs. 

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e. The different groups. . 

f. The different influences under which they came. 

g. Why they were so long powerless. 

h. The Moravian Empire, ninth century. 

II. CONVERSION OF THE SLAVS. 

a. German missionaries. 

b. Constantine (Cyril) and Methodius. 
Their success and influence. 

o. Future of the non-Christian Slavs. 

III. THE NEIGHBORS OF THE SLAVS. 

a. Lithuanians. 

b. Finns. Adaptability. , 

c. Avars. Conquest by Pippin and by Charles the Great. 

d. Magyars. 
Migrations under Arpad. 
Habits (ogre). Invasions. 

St. Stephen. Tr7 T „ e// nr „^ 

e. The Bulgarians (Gibbon, ed. Bury, Vol. VI, pp. 5U-&46. ) 
Conquest of the Slavs in Moesia. 

IV. SEPARATION OF THE SLAVS. 

a. Causes. 

b. Results. 

c. Pan-slavic ideal. 

V. BULGARIA. 

a. The Bulgarian Empire under Simeon, 892-927. 

b The Bogomils. 

c. The new Empire of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. 

VI. RUSSIA. 

a. Rurik, 862-879. 

b. Attacks on Constantinople. 

c. Conversion of Russia. 

d. Slavic influence, under Vladimir, supersedes Norman. 

e. Byzantine influence. 

f. Internal divisions. 

g. Tartar invasion and effects. 

VII. POLAND. 

a. Kingdom, eleventh century. • 

b. Weaknesses. 

c. German migrations. 

d. Mongolian invasion. 

(47) 



VIII. BOHEMIA. 

a. German influence. 

b. Kingdom, thirteenth century. 

c. Causes of its fall. 

IX. HUNGARY. 

a. Kingdom, eleventh century. 

b. Decadence. 

c. The Golden Bull, 1222. (Vdmbery, pp. 129-130.) 

d. Mongolian invasion. 

CONCLUSION. THE TWO DETERMINING INFLUENCES IN THE HISTORY 

OF THE SLAVS. 

z{. THE MANOR. (ENGLAND.) 

sources: Translations, Vol. Ill, No. 5, Manorial Documents. 
Walter of Henley. 

secondary works: Cheyney: Industrial and Social History of 
England, ch. 2. Munro, ch. 14. Seignobos. Lucbaire, 
ch. 13. Jessopp: Coining of the Friars, Essay II; Studies, 
ch. 5. Bateson, chs. 5, 11, 17. Davenport. Ashley: 
Economic Organization, ch. 1; English Economic History, 
Vol. I, ch. 1. Lipson, chs. 1-2. Fowler. Seebohm. 
Maitland: Domesday Book and Beyond. VinogradorT: 
Growth of the Manor. Cunningham : Western Civilization, 
Vol. II, pp. 94-103. Articles: Manor, Villenage, in 
Britannica. 

INTRODUCTION. THE LOWEST UNIT IN FEUDALISM. 
I. WHAT A MANOR WAS. 

a. Definition. 

b. Contents. 

Village, manor house, church, mill. Agricultural and 
hay land, pasturage, woods. 
(Demesne land and land in villenage.) 

II. WHO LIVED ON IT. 

a. Lord, who owned demesne land. 

b. Steward, bailiff, reeve. 

c. Free tenants. 

d. Villains. 

e. Cotters who held small plots. 

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III. HOW THEY MADE A LIVING. 

a. Lord : 
Demesne. 

Services by owed land; week-work; extra labor; miscel- 
laneous services. 
Periodical payments. Court fees. 

b. Villain: 

Food, clothing, shelter. 

Work in common. 

Division of land. Three-field system. Virgate, and 

other property rights. 

Other products. 

IV. SELF-SUFFICIENCY. 

Comparative permanence of organization. 

Manor courts, for local cases. 

Village priest. 

Miller. 

Fairs. (No general store. ) 

V. NEEDS. 

Salt, iron, tar, millstones. 

VI. TENANTS, CORPORATE BODY. 

Joint responsibility. Sometimes rented manor. 

VII. CHANGE BY COMMUTATION OF SERVICES, THIRTEENTH CEN- 
TURY, AND LATER. 

Week-work first. 

Results of commutation. 

Contrast between villages then and now. 

CONCLUSION. EXTENT TO WHICH THESE CONDITIONS HELD FOR THE 
CONTINENT. 

35. COMMERCE. 

secondary works: Cheyney: Industrial and Social History, ch. 
4. Adams: Civilization, ch. 12. Lipson, ch. 6. Beaz- 
ley, Vol. II, ch. 6. Day. Bourne. Salzmann. 
Cheyney: European Background, chs. 1, 2. Ashley: 
Economic History, Vol. I. Barnard: Companion, ch. 6. 
Brown: Venice. Green: Old Irish World, ch. 2. Cun- 
ningham: English Industry and Commerce; Western Civi- 
lization, Vol. II, Bk. IV, ch. 2. Thompson. 
(49) 



INTRODUCTION. MEDITERRANEAN SEA, THE CENTRE. 
I. BYZANTINE COMMERCE. 

Greek possessions. Constantinople, centre. 
Hindrances from: 

a. Justinian's policy. 
Monopolies and reserved sales. 

b. Contests with Mohammedans. 

II. SARACEN COMMERCE. 

Extent of possessions. Wealth. Caravans. 

III. ITALIAN CITIES. 

Venice, Amalfi, Pisa and Genoa. 

IV. ROUTES OF COMMERCE. 

a. Mediterranean. 

b. Baltic. 

c Routes south to north. 

d. Caravans. 

e. The ocean. 

v. WARES. 

a. In early times. 

Fish, salt, relics, incense, and other necessities of the 

Church. Luxuries. 

Forbidden wares: weapons, slaves and lumber. 

b. In thirteenth century. 

Larger vessels from crusades. Greater skill in naviga- 
tion. 

New demands. Raw materials. Products of the North. 
Customs regulations in Syria. (Translations, Vol. Ill, 
No. 2.) 

VI. MARKETS AND FAIRS. 

a. Markets. 
Importance to lords. 
Examples. 

b. Fairs. (Article, Fairs, in Britannica.) 
Distinction from markets. 

Frankfort, Bruges, Stourbridge, Champagne, etc. The 
Lend.it. Arrangements. 

VII. SOME CENTERS OF TRADE IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. 

Venice, Genoa, Pisa. 

Augsburg, Nuremberg, Liibeck, Cologne, Hamburg, and 

Bremen. 

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Marseilles; Ghent, Bruges, Ypres. 

Barcelona. 

London. 

VIII. COMMERCIAL ASSOCIATIONS. 

Medieval principle of association. 

The Lombards. Colonies. Consuls. The Hanse. 

IX. HINDRANCES TO COMMERCE. 

a. "The just price." {Ashley: Economic History, Vol I, 
pp. 183 ff.) 

b. Bad roads and bridges. 
Insecurity and discomfort. 

c. Taxes and customs. 
Examples in France. 

d. Condemnation of interest. 

e. Money. 

CONCLUSION. RESULTS OF GROWTH OF COMMERCE. 

36. RISE OF THE TOWNS. 

sources: Translations, Vol. II, No. 1, English Towns and Gilds. 
Robinson: Readings, pp. 406-412. Jones, No. 8, Rise 
of Cities, and No. 9, Trades of Paris. Thatcher and Mc- 
Neal, pp. 545-612. Ogg, No. 57. 

secondary works: Cheyney: Industrial and Socicd History, ch. 
3. Emerton: Europe, ch. 15. Day. Lipson, chs. 5, 
7, 8. Munro, ch. 14. Ashley: Economic History, Vol. 
I, ch. 2; Economic Organization. Luchaire, ch. 13. 
Munro and Sellery, pp. 358-365. Salzmann. Pirenne. 
Villari : Florentine History. Gross. Cunningham : 
Western Civilization, pp. 54-66, 89-99; Growth of English 
Industry. Jessopp: Studies, ch. 4. Bateson, chs. 6, 12, 
18. Jusserand, Part I. Article, Gilds, in Palgrave: 
Dictionary. 

' INTRODUCTION. TOWN ONLY A LARGER VILLAGE. 
I. THE TOWN. 

Origin. Plan: walls, houses, market, church. 

JI. TOWN CHARTERS. 

What they contained and what they did not contain. 

III. THE GILD MERCHANT. 

Origin. Charter. Relation to city government. Its 
public and religious activities and charities. 
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iv. the craft gilds. (French, Metiers; English, Mysteries.) 

a. Subdivision of industry. Examples. 

b. Activities in regulating industry, in keeping order; as 
religious, social, and benefit societies. 

c. Mystery plays. 

d. Examples of rules. 

V. SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS GILDS. 

Voluntary organizations. Permanency. 
What they did. 

VI. ADVANCE OF THE TOWN. 

1. Through commerce, benefits in. 

2. Through industry, benefits iv. 

3. Politically. 

a. In Italy. Reasons. 

b. In England. Town charters. 

c. In Germany. Privileges. 

d. In France. Reasons. 

e. In Spain. Citizens take part in warfare. 

CONCLUSION. SIGNIFICANCE OF RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS. 

37. EDUCATION, INCLUDING UNIVERSITIES. 

sources: Norton: Readings. Steele: Medieval Lore. Transla- 
tions, Vol. II, No. 3, Medieval Student. Jones, No. 10, 
Giraldus Cambrensis. Ogg, Nos. 60, 62. 

secondary works: Munro, ch. 15. Thorndike, chs. 20-21. 
Bemont and Monod, ch. 31. Emerton: Europe, ch. 13. 
Tout, chs. 9, 18. Munro and Sellery, pp. 348-357, 
458-473. Luchaire, ch. 3. Rait. Sedgwick. Taylor: 
Mediaeval Mind, Vol. II, ch. 37. McCabe: Abelard. 
Norton: Universities. Jessopp: Friars, ch. 6. Rashdall. 
Poole: Illustrations, etc. Barnard: Companion, pp. 303- 
328. Sabatier. Munro: Attitude of the Western Church, 
Gross, in Am. Hist. Rev. , Vol. VI, pp. 440 ff. Krey. 
Paetow. 

INTRODUCTION. PRESERVATION OF THE ROMAN SCHOOLS. 
I. MEDIEVAL EDUCATION. (Abekon. ) 

Trivium. 

Quadrivium. 

Theology. 

Methods of teaching. 

(52) 



II. HOW FOSTERED. 

Town schools. 
Bishops' schools. 
But especially monasteries. 
Examples. 

III. SCHOLASTICISM. 

a. Meaning of terms. 

b. Influence of Aristotle. 

New acquaintance with his works. 

c. New tendencies. Roger Bacon. 

IV. THE UNIVERSITIES. 

a. Origin. Abelard. Frederick Barbarossa. 

b. Privileges, (Duncalf and Krey, pp. 137-174. ) 

c. Studies. 

d. Methods of teaching. Bachelors. Disputations. 

e. Colleges. Sorbonne. 

f. Government. Bologna type and Paris type. 
Faculties. 

Nations. 

Rector. 

Papal supervision. 

g. Other activities. 

h. Life of the students. Sources of our knowledge: char- 
ters, court records, chronicles, letters, sermons, songs. 
(Symonds: Wine, Women and Song.) Goliards. (Has- 
kins, in Am. Hist. Review, Vol. Ill, pp. 203 ff ; Vol. X, 

PP- Iff-) 
i. Most noted universities. 

CONCLUSION. ENCYCLOPEDIAS. 

38. THE CHURCH IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. 

sources: Jocelin of Brakelond. Rule of St. Francis in Hender- 
son: Documents. Mirror of Perfection. Little^ Flowers 
of St. Francis. Crane: Exempla of Jacques de Viiry. 

secondary works: Catholic Encyclopedia. Munro, ch. 16. 
Emerton: Europe, ch. 16. Bateson, chs. 9, 15. Smith. 
Luchaire, chs. 1, 2, 4-7. Jusserand, Part III. 
Taylor: Mediseval Mind, Vol. I, ch. 18. Lea: Inquisi- 
tion; Confession and Indulgences; Studies. Sabatier. 
Jorgensen. Cuthbert. Coulton: From St. Francis to 
Dante. Cutts: Parish Priests. Jessopp: Coming of the 
Friars. Adams: Mont- Saint- Michel. Jackson. Norton. 
(53) 



INTRODUCTION. ' SUPERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE 

CHURCH. 

I. THE POPE. 

a. The papal election. (Henderson: Documents, pp. 861- 
365.) 

1. The cardinals. Increased importance from right of 
election. (Red hat, 1245.) 

2. Decree of Nicholas II, 1059. Canon, Licet devitanda, 
1179. The conclave, 1274. 

3. The legates. 

b. The papal chancery. The Curia. (Poole: Papal 
Chancery. ) 

Officers, bureaus, powers, bulls. 

c. The papal income. 

1. Revenue from patrimony. 

2. Peter's Pence. 

3. Tribute from vassal states, e. g., Sicity, England. 

4. Payments for protection, dispensations, confirmation 
of bishops or abbots, and the pallium. 

5. Taxes of the papal penitentiary. (Lea : Penitentiary. ) 

6. Extraordinary imposts on the clergy. 

d. His power. (Calendar of State Papers : Papal, No. 1.) 

1. Over the Church. 

Archbishops and bishops. Canonization of saints. 
Appeals. Reserved cases. Dispensations and ex- 
emptions. Conferment of benefices. Convocation 
of Councils, and confirmation of their acts. 
(Infallibility. Th. Aquinas.) 

2. Over lay rulers. 
Two-fold position of ruler. 
Papal theories. 

Excommunication, extended to interdict and deposi- 
tion. Examples. (Ogg, No. 66. Krehbiel.) 

3. Power of Innocent III over internal affairs in differ- 
ent states. Papal fiefs. Examples. 

Unity of Christian world in 1274. 

II. the hierarchy. The secular Church. 

a. Archbishops and bishops. 

Power. Diocese and city. Bishops ' ' in partibus infi- 
delium. ' ' 

b. The officials. 

Election of bishops. The cathedral chapters. Canons. 
(Prebends. The arch-deacon. Provost. Dean. Vicar- 
general. ) 

(54) 



c. Parish priests. 

Various designations. Appointment. Patronage and 
presentation, advowsons. The arch-priest. 

in. the monastic orders. The regular Church. (Tout, ch. 9. 
Munro, ch. 12.) 

a. The congregations. 

s The influence of Cluny. 

b. New orders. General impulse. 
Carthusians. 

Cistercians. Bernard of Clairvaux. {Letters. Munro 
and Sellery, pp. 406-431.) 
Canons regular. 

c. The Mendicant Orders. (Jones, No. 6, Monasticism, ) 
Franciscans. Their ideal. ( Ogg, Nos. 63-65. Milman, 
Bk. IX, ch. 10.) 

Dominicans. Their ideal. (Milman, Bk. IX, eh. 9. ) 
Lives of the founders. Activities of the orders. Rela- 
tions with bishops. The Inquisition. (Lea : Inquisition.) 

IV. THE COUNCILS. 

a. The Fourth Lateran, 1215. 

Attendance. Subjects of canons. Confession obligatory. 

b. Lyons, 1245-1247. 

c. Provincial synods and national councils. 

V. THE SERVICE. 

a. The ritual. 
The eucharist. 

b. Preaching. (Smith, in Eng. Hist. Rev,, Vol. VII, pp. 
25-26. ) 

The mendicants. 

c. Festivals. 

Mystery plays. Parodies of festivals. 

vi. popular beliefs. (Translations, Vol. II, No. 4- Gasquet : 
Parish Life, ch. 7.) 

a. The Virgin. 

b. Relics. 

c. Confession. 

d. Indulgences. 

e. The eucharist. 

f. The devil. 

(55) 



VII. THE MORALS. 

a. Contrasts in the middle ages. 

b. The complaints. 

Preachers. Records of episcopal visitations. Litera- 
ture. The Goliards. 

Vin. the church structures. {Jackson. Reinach, chs, 12, 
13. Taylor : Classical Heritage, pp. 302-316. ) 

a. The basilica. 

b. Romanesque architecture. • 

c. The Gothic. 

d. Decoration of churches. 

CONCLUSION. THE WORK OF THOMAS AQUINAS. 

39. HERESIES, TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH 
CENTURIES. 

sources: Translations, Vol. Ill, No. 6, Pre- Reformation Period. 

secondary works: Catholic Encyclopedia. Munro and Sellery, 
pp. 432-457. Lea: Inquisition. Vacandard. Lecky. 
Holland. Poole. Cuthbert. Jorgensen. Sabatier. 
Comba. Milman, Bk. IX, ch. 8. 

INTRODUCTION. WHAT HERESY WAS. 

Difference between false teaching and opposition to the 
Church. 

I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. 

a. In early times, intellectual rather, than moral. 
Nature of Christ, of the Holy Ghost, of the eucharist. 

b. Now, moral rather than intellectual. 
Reformation within the Church. St. Bernard. 

II. ABELARD. 

a. ' ' Sic et non. ' ' 

b. His pupil, Arnold of Brescia. 
Policy and fate. 

III. ANTI-SACERDOTALISTS. 

a. Early examples. 

b. Waldenses, from 1170. "Poor Men of Lyons." 
Nature of teaching. ( Vedder : Origin etc. ) 

Cf. Wycliffe, Huss. 

(56) 



IV. MANICHEANS. 

a. Eastern origin. Where most numerous. 

b. Early names. Albigenses, thirteenth century. 

c. Fundamental beliefs. Peculiar tenets. 

d. Crusade against Albigenses. 

v. the inquisition. (Lea : Inquisition, Vol. I, chs. 5, 7, 9, 12. ) 

a. Its rise. 

b. The Dominicans. 

Attains its greatest prominence later. 

CONCLUSION. RENAN'S QUESTION, WHY THE REFORMATION DID NOT 
COME IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. 

40. CANON LAW. 

sources: Apostolic Constitutions, \n Ante- Nicene Library. Transla- 
tions, Vol. IV, No. 2. Canons. Constitution of Clarendon, 
in Translations, Vol. I, No. 6, in Gee and Hardy, p. 68, 
and elsewhere. 

secondary works: Article, Canon Law, in Britannica. Lea: 
Inquisition; Studies. Emerton: Europe, ch. 16. Rash- 
dall, Vol. I, pp. 128-143. Maitland: Roman Canon 
Law ioi the Church of England. Pollock and Maitland, 
Bk. I, ch. 5. Schaff-Herzog: Encyclopedia, article 
Canon Law. 

INTRODUCTION. DEFINITION OF CANON AND CANON LAW. 

Distinction from ecclesiastical law. 

I. SOURCES. 

a. The Bible. 

b. The Fathers. 
c The Councils. 

d. Decretals of the popes. 
. e. Libri Poenitenticdes. 

f. Custom. 

g. Secular legislation. (Justinian. ) 

II. EARLY HISTORY. 

a. Apostolic Constitutions and Canons. 

b. Dionysius Exiguus. 

Two parts. Canons and decretals. 

c. Decretales Pseudo-Isidorianae. 

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d. Methodical co'lections of the tenth and eleventh cen- 
turies. 

III. CORPUS JURIS CANONICI, 1582. 

1. Decretum Gratiani (between 1139 and 1148). 
' ' Concordia discordantium canonum. ' ' 

(Cf. Abelard: Sic et Non.y 

2. Decretals. 

a. Compilationes antique (not in Corpus). 

" Judex, Judicium, Clerus, Connubia, Crimen.' " 

b. Decretals of Gregory IX, 1234. 

c. Liber Sextus, 1298. Boniface VIII. 

d. Clementinae (1313), 1317. Clement V. 

rp , . f Joannis XXII. 

e. Extravagant, j Commun ^ 1298 _ 148 4. 

Semi-official approval, 1582. 

Varying authority of different portions. 

f. Supplements in some editions. 
Liber Septimus, 1560. 
Institutiones of Lancelottus, 1563. 

g. Comparison of parts to parts of Corpus Juris Civilis. 

/ IV. SCOPE OF ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION. 

a. Persons. 

1. The clergy. 

2. Widows, orphans, crusaders, students. 

For the latter a privilege. Use of the tonsure. 

b. Subjects. 

1. Spiritual causes. 

Matters relative to the faith, sacraments, and vows. 

2. Civil causes. 

Matters relative to marriage, ecclesiastical property, 
wills. 

3. Criminal causes. 

Crimes against religion, or committed in holy places. 
Violations of the Truce of God, usury, etc. 
" Fori mixti.'" Conflict with civil courts. Consti- 
tutions of Clarendon, 1164. 

V. ECCLESIASTICAL COURTS. 

a. Organization. 

The bishop and his officials. 

b. Method of procedure. 

Evidence displaces oath. Denunciation. Development 
of Inquisition later. 

(58) 



c. Penalties. 

Limits. Preference for ecclesiastical courts. "Benefit 
of Clergy." 

Apogee of temporal power of Church, end of the twelfth 
and beginning of the thirteenth century. ( Tout, ch. lJf. ) 

CONCLUSION. INFLUENCE ON INTERNATIONAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL 
LAW. 

41. LITERATURE, TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH 
CENTURIES. 

sources: Song of Roland. Aucassin and Nicolette. Mason: 
Romances. Steele: Hnon of Bordeaux; Renaud of Mon- 
tauban ; Story of Alexander. Turpin : History of Charles 
the Gnat and Orlando, in Medieval Tales. Gesta 
Romanorum, same collection. Joinville: Life of St. Louis. 
Nibelungenlied. Mort d' Arthur. High History of the 
Holy Graal. Tristan and Lsolt. Gudrun. 

secondary works: Smith: Troubadours. Saintsbury. Paris. 
Ker. Morris. Ashton. Masson. in Chronicles of Europe. 
Henderson: Germany, ch. 28. Comparetti. Norgate, 
Vol. II, ch. 10. Putnam. 

INTRODUCTION. REASONS FOR GROWTH OF NEW LITERATURE. 
I. LATIN LITERATURE. 

a. Twelfth century. 

Acta Sanctorum. Biographical. Sermons. Substitutes 
for the classics. 

b. Thirteenth century. 

Scholastic. (Contrast with preceding. ) 
Sermons. Hymns: Dies Irae, Stabat Mater. 

c. Sciences. 

Used primarily to point a moral. New facts, but little 
advance in theory. 

II. LITERATURE IN THE VERNACULAR. 

Value as a historical source, 
a. French literature. 

1. The early religious literature. 

2. Chansons de Geste. e. g. Roland. 

3. Classic type. e. g. Alexander. 

4. Celtic type. e. g. Tristan and lsolt. 



(59) 






5. Lyric poetry in south. Troubadours. Aucassin and 
Nicolette. 

6. The Fabliaux. Renard. 

7. Histories. Villehardouin, Joinville. 

b. French literature in Europe. 

1. In England. 

2. In Spain, Portugal. 

3. In Italy. 

Brunetto Latini: "The French tongue is the most 
delectable and the most common to all peoples." 
Marco Polo's use of it. 

4. In Germany. 

c. German literature. (FrancJce.) 

1. Material and inspiration. 

2. The Minnesingers. 

3. Walter of the Vogelweid. 

4. Nibelungenlied, c. 1190-1208. 

5. Godfrey of Strassburg; died c. 1210. {Tristan and 
Isolde. ) 

6. Wolfram of Eschenbach. (Parzival.) 

7. Why this literature declined. 

CONCLUSION. DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY ITALIAN LITERATURE. 

42. SUMMARY. 

secondary work : Harrison : Meaning of History, chs. 2, 5. 

INTRODUCTORY. SUBJECTS WHICH HAVE NOT BEEN DISCUSSED. 
I. THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH. 

Summary of its work and influence. 

II. FEUDALISM. 

a. What it had done. 

b. Its waning influence. 

III. THE NEW NATIONAL LIFE. 

a. New codes of law. 

b. New social conditions. 
New industries. 

c. Parliamentary institutions. 

IV. EUROPE, 1300 A. D. 

(60) 



A LIST OF IMPORTANT DATES AND EVENTS. 

A. D. 

312 Victory of Constantine " at the Milvian Bridge." 

323 Christianity recognized and favored by the Emperor. 

325 Council at Nicaea. 

330 Constantinople, capital of the Empire. 

378 Battle of Hadrianople. 

390 Insurrection in Thessalonica, crushed with cruelty by 
Theodosius. Eight months later Bishop Ambrose of Milan 
refused to admit the Emperor to Christian communion 
until he had done penance. 

394 Whole of Empire re-united, for the last time, under Theo- 
dosius. 

395 Death of Theodosius. 

Alaric in Macedonia, Illyria and Greece. 
402 Battle of Pollentia. 
408 Death of Stilicho. 
410 Sack of Rome by Alaric. 
415 Visigothic kingdom in Gaul and Spain; capital Toulouse. 

429 Vandals cross to Africa. 

430 Death of St. Augustine. 

439 Capture of Carthage by the Vandals. 
449 Anglo-Saxon conquest of England begun. 

451 Battle of Chalons, (Maurica). 
Council of Chalcedon. 

452 Invasion of Italy by Attila. 

453 Death of Attila. 

454 Hunnish kingdom dissolved. 

455 Sack of Rome by the Vandals. 

476 Deposition of Romulus Augustulus. 7^- 
486 Battle of Soissons. 
493 Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy. 
496 Conversion of Clovis. 

507 Visigothic kingdom in Spain; capital Toledo. 
511 Death of Clovis. 
525 Death of Boethius. 
• 526 Death of Theodoric the Great. 
529 Foundation of Benedictine order. 

533 Codification of Roman law completed. 

534 Conquest of the Vandals by Justinian. 
Conquest of Burgundy by the Franks. 

552 Defeat of Totila by Narses. 

(61) 



A. D. 

558 Union of Franks under Lothair I. 
568 Invasion of Italy by Lombards. 
597 St. Augustine in England. 
613 Union of the Franks under Lothair II. 

622 The Hegira. 

623 Formation of Slavic kingdom in Bohemia, which lasted 
for 35 years. 

638 Death of Dagobert I, the last strong Merovingian king. 

664 Council of Whitby. 

687 Battle of Testry. 

711 Arabs cross into Spain. 

732 Battle of Poitiers (Tours). 

735 Death of the venerable Bede. 

750 The Abbasside Caliphs at Bagdad, till 1258. 

751 Pippin, king of the Franks. 
756 Caliphate of Cordova. 

768 Charles and Karlmann, kings of the Franks. 

771 Charles the Great, sole king. 

772 Beginning of the Saxon war. 
774 Donation of Charles the Great. 
782 Massacre of prisoners at Verden. 
794 Council at Frankfort. 

797 The Capitulare Saxonicum. 

800 Coronation of Charles the Great. 

814 Death of Charles the Great. 

843 Treaty of Verdun. 

851 Danes capture London and Canterbury. 

855 Danes winter for the first time in Sheppey. 

878 Treaty of Wedmore. 

886 Siege of Paris by the Northmen. 

887 Deposition of Charles the Fat. 
893 First Bulgarian Empire. 

910 Foundation of Cluny. 

c. 912 Northmen gain a permanent position in Normandy. 

933 Victory of Henry I over the Hungarians on the Unstrut. 

951 Marriage of Otto the Great and Adelaide. 

955 Victory over the Hungarians on the Lechfeld. 

959 Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury. 

962 Otto the Great crowned Emperor. 

987 Hugh Capet chosen king of France. 

991 First Danegeld in England. 

997 St. Stephen, king of Hungary. 

(62) 



A. D. 

998 Execution of Crescentius. 
1000 Archbishopric of Gnesen created. 
1002 Massacre of the Danes in England. 
1014 Death of Svveyn of Denmark, king of England. 
1034 Burgundy re-united to the German Empire. 
1059 Decree of Nicholas II concerning the papal elections. 
1066 Conquest of England by the Normans. 
1073 Flight of Henry IV from Harzburg. 

1075 Henry IV defeats Saxons on the Unstrut, 
Decree against lay-investiture. 

1076 Excommunication of Henry IV. 

1077 Henry IV at Canossa. 
1085 Death of Gregory VII. 

1095 Council of Clermont. 

1096 First crusade begun. 

1099 Capture of Jerusalem by the crusaders. 
1104 Archbishopric of Lund created. 
1114 Foundation of the monastery of Clairvaux. 
1 1 22 The Concordat of Worms. 

1143 Republic at Rome. 

1144 Capture of Edessa by Mohammedans. 
1152 Archbishopric of Drontheim created. 
1155 Arnold of Brescia burnt. 

1157 Duke Vladislav receives the royal crown of Bohemia from 
Frederick I. 

1158 Diet of the Roncaglian fields. 
1160 Introduction of scutage in England. 
1162 Milan razed to the ground. 

Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury. 
1164 Constitutions of Clarendon. 

Archbishopric of Upsala created. 
1 167 Formation of Lombard League. 
1170 Death of Thomas Becket. 

1176 Emperor defeated by Lombard League at Legnano. 
1181 Assize of arms in England. 
1183 Peace of Constance. 
1 187 Capture of Jerusalem by Saladin. 
1191 Capture of Acre by crusaders. 

1193 Death of Saladin. 

1194 Henry VI conquers the Two Sicilies. 

1197 Death of Henry VI. 

1 198 Innocent III, pope. 

(63) 



A. D. 

1200 Privileges granted by king to the University of Paris. 
1204 Capture of Constantinople by the crusaders. 
1208 England under interdict. 

Crusade against Albigenses begun. 
1212 Battle of Tolosa. 
- 1213 John accepts his kingdom as a fief of the papacy. 

1214 Battle of Bouvines. 

1 2 15 The Great Charter. 
Fourth Lateran Council. 

1216 Dominican order confirmed by Honorius III. 

1221 Death of St. Dominic. 

1222 Golden Bull for Hungary. 

1226 Death of St. Francis. 

1227 Battle of Bornhceved. 

1229 Jerusalem regained by Christians through a treaty. 

Regained by Christians, 1917. 
1 23 1 Constitutions of Frederick II for Sicily. 
c. 1233 Inquisition confided to Dominicans. 

1237 Victory of Frederick II over the Lombards at Cortenuovv 

1244 Jerusalem lost to Christians. 

1245 Council of Lyons. 

1257 Foundation of the college of Sorbonn 

1258 Provisions of Oxford. 

1265 Parliament of Simon of Montfort. 

Battle of Evesham. 
1268 Execution of Conradin at Naples. 
1274 Papal conclave created. 
1279 Statute of 3Iortmain. 
1282 "Sicilian Vespers," slaughter of the French in Sicily. 

1284 Annexation of Wales to England. 

1285 Statute of Winchester. 

1290 Expulsion of the Jews from England. 
Statute Quia emptores. 

1291 Last possessions of the Christians in Palestine lost. 

1295 The Model Parliament. 

1296 Bull Clericis laicos. 

1297 Statute De tallagio non concedendo. 

1298 Closing of the Great Council in Venice. 
1300 Papal Jubilee. 



(64) 



LISTS OF EMPERORS, POPES AND KINGS. 

I, THE WESTERN EMPERORS, 395-476. 

Honorius, 395-423. Procopius Anthemius, 467- 

Valentinian III, 424-455. 472. 

Petronius Maximus, 455. Anicius Olybrius, 472. 

Avitus, 455-456. Glycerius, 473-474. 

Majorian, 457-461. Julius Nepos, 474-475. 

Libius Severus, 461-465. Romulus Augustulus, 475-476. 

II. THE WESTERN EMPERORS, 800-1300. 



(Only those are given who 

Charles the Great, 800-814. 
Lewis I, 813 (816)-840. 
Lothair, 817 (823)-855. 
Lewis II, 850-875.* 
Charles II, the Bald, 875-881. 
Charles III, the Fat, 881-887, 

d. 888. 
Guido, 891-894.* 
Lambert, 894-898.* 
Arnulf, 896-899. 
Lewis III of Provence, 901-905 

(Blinded and sent away.) 
Berengar, 915-924.* 
Otto I, 962-973. 
Otto II, 967-983. 



were crowned by the Pope. ) 

Otto III, 996-1002. 

Henry II, the Saint, 1014- 

1024.** 
Conrad II, 1027-1039. 
Henry III, the Black, 1046- 

1056.** 
Henry IV, 1084-1106.** 
Henry V, 1111-1125.** 
Lothair II, 1134-1137. 
Frederick I, Barbarossa, 1155- 

1190. 
Henry VI, 1191-1197.** 
Otto IV, 1209-1218. 
Frederick II, 1220-1250. 



III. THE EASTERN EMPERORS, 395-1204. 



Justinian I, 527-565. 

Justin II, 565-578. 

Tiberius Constantinus, 578- 

582. 
Maurice, 582-602. 
Phocas, 602-610. 



Arcadius, 395-408. 
Theodosius II, 408-450. 
Marcian, 450-457. 
Leo I, the Thracian, 457-474. 
Zeno, the Isaurian, 474-491. 
Anastasius I, 491-518. 
Justin I, 518-527. 

Heraclian Dynasty, 610-717. 

Heraclius I, 610-641. Constantinus (Constans II), 

Heraclius Constantinus, 641. 641-668. 

Heracleonas^ 641-642. 

* Recognized only in Italy. 

** Respectively Henry I, II, III, IV and V of the Empire 

( I* ) 



Constantine IV or V, Pogona- Justinian II (restored), 705- 

tus, 668-685. 711. 

Justinian II, 685-695. Philippicus, 711-713. ■ 

Leontius, 695-697. Artemius Anastasius, 713-715. 

Tiberius Apsimarus, 697-705. Theodosius III, 715-717. 

Syrian (Isaurian) Dynasty, 717-802. 

Leo III, the Isaurian, 717-740. Irene, 797-802. 

Constantine V or VI, Coprony- Nicephorus I, 802-811. 

wilts, 740-775. Stauracius, 811. 

Leo IV, the Chazar, 775-779. Michael I, Rhangabe, 811-813. 
Constantine VI or VII, 779-797. 

Amorian Dynasty, 820-867. 

Leo V,The Armenian, 813-820. Theophilus, 829-842. 

Michael II, the Stammerer, Michael III, the Drunkard, 
820-829. 842-867. 

Basilian or Armenian {Macedonian) Dynasty, 867-1057. 

Basil I, the Macedonian, 867- Nicephorus II, Phocas, 963- 

886. 969.* 

Constantine VII (with Basil I), John I, Zimisces, 969-976.* 

868-878. Constantine VIII or IX, 1025- 
Leo VI, the Wise, 886-912. 1028. 

Constantine the VII, or VIII, Romanus III, Argyrus, 1028- 

Porphyrogenitus, 912—958. 1034. 

Al exander, 91 2-9 13. Mich ael IV, The Paphlagonian , 
Romanus I, Lecapenus, 919- 1034-1042. 

945.* (As associates his Michael V, 1042. 

three sons, Christopher, Ste- Constantine IX or X, Monoma- 

phen and Constantine. ) elms, 1042-1055. (Reigns 

Romanus II, 958-963. with his wife Zoe. ) 

Basil II, Bulgaroctonus, 963- Theodora, 1055-1057. 

1025. (As associate his Michael VI, Stratioticus, 1057. 

brother Constantine,- 1028,* 

see below. ) 

Comnenian Dynasty, 1057-1204- 

Isaac I, Comnenus, 1057-1059. Eudocia, 1067-1071. 

Constantine X or XI, Ducas, (In the name of her sons, Mich- 
1059-1067. ael VII, 1067-1078. Androni- 

* Usurper. 

(66) 



cus and Constantine and 
with her second hus- 
band Romanus IV, 1067- 
1071.) 

Michael VII (see above), 
1071-1078. 

Nicephorus III, Botoniates, 
1078-1081. 

Alexius I, Comnenus, 1081- 
1118. 

John or Calojohannes, Com- 
nenus, 1118-1143. 



Manuel I, Comnenus, 1143— 

1180. 
Alexius II, Comnenus, 1180- 

1183. 
Andronicus I, Comnenus, 

1183-1185. 
Isaac II, Angelus, 1185-1195. 
Alexius III, Angelus, 1195- 

1203. 



Isaac II (restored), \ 1203- 
Alexius II, Angelus, j 1204. 
Alexius V, Ducas, 1204. 

IV. LATIN EMPEROES OF THE EAST. 
Baldwin I, 1204-1205. Robert, 1221-1228. 

Henry of Flanders, 1205-1216. John of Brienne, 1228-1237. 
Peter of Courtenay, 1216-1219. Baldwin, 1237-1261. 
Yolande, 1219-1221. 

V. POPES, 384-1303.* 



S. Siricius, 384-398. 

S. Anastasius I, 398-401. 

S. Innocent I, 401 or 402-417. 

S. Zosimus, 417-418. 

S. Boniface I, 418-422. 

S. Celestine I, 422-432. 

S. Sixtus III, 432-440. 

S. Leo I, 440-461. 

S. Hilarus, 461-468. 

S. Simplicius, 468-483. 

S. Felix III, 483-492. 

S. Gelasius, 492-496. 

S. Anastasius II, 496-498. 

S. Symmachus, 498-514. 

S. Hormisda, 514-523. 

S. John I, 523-526. 

S. Felix IV, 526-530. 

Boniface II, 530-532. 

John II, 532-535. 

S. Agapitus I, 535-536. 

S. Silverius, 536-537. 

Virgihus, 537-555. 

Pelagius I, 555-560. 



John III, 560-573. 

Benedict I, 574-578. 

Pelagius II, 578-590. 

S. Gregory I, 590-604. 

Sabinianus, 604-606. 

Boniface III, 607. 

S. Boniface IV, 608-615. 

S. Deusdedit, 615-618. 

Boniface V, 619-625. 

Honorius, 625-638. 

Severinus, 638 or 639-640. 

John IV, 640-642. 

Theodore I, 642-649. 

S. Martin, 649-653-(655). 

S. Eugenius I, 654-657. 

S. Vitalianus, 657-672. 

Adeodatus, 672-676. 

Donus, 676-678. 

S. Agatho, 678-681. 

S. Leo II, 681-683. 

S. Benedict II, 683 (?)-685. 

John V, 685-686. 

Conon, 686-687. 



Compiled from Gams, Jaffe and Potthast. 

(67) 



Theodore, 687. 
S. Sergius I, 687-701. 
John VI, 701-705. 
John VII, 705-707. 
Sisinnius, 708. 
Constantine I, 708-715. 
S. Gregory II, 715-731. 
S. Gregory III, 731-741. 
S. Zacharias, 741-752. 
Stephen (II), 752. 
Stephen II, 752-757. 
S. Paul I, 757-767, 
Constantine II, 767-768. 
Philip, 768. 
Stephen III, 768-772. 
Hadrian I, 772-795. 
S. Leo III, 795-816. 
Stephen IV, 816-817. 
S. Paschal I, 817-824. 
Eugenius II, 824-827. 
Valentinus, 827. 
Gregory IV, 827-844. 
Sergius II, 844-847. 
S. Leo IV, 847-855. 
Benedict III, 855-858. 
S. Nicholas I, 858-867. 
Hadrian II, 867-872. 
John VIII, 872-882. 
Marinus I, 882-884. 
Hadrian III, 884-885. 
Stephen V, 885-891. 
Formosus, 891-896. 
Boniface VI, 896. 
Stephen VI, 896-897. 
Romanus, 897. 
Theodore II, 897. 
John IX, 898-900. 
Benedict IV, 900-903. 
Leo V, 903. 
Christopher, 903-904. 
Sergius III, 904-911. 
Anastasius III, 911-913. 
Lando, 913-914. 



John X, 914-928. 
Leo VI, 928-929. 
Stephen VII, 929-931. 
John XI, 931-936. 
Leo VII, 936-939. 
Stephen VIII, 939-942. 
Marinus II, 942-946. 
Agapitus II, 946-955. 
John XII, 955-964. 
Leo VIII, 963-965. 
Benedict V, 964. 
John XIII, 965-972. 
Benedict VI, 972-974. 
Benedict VII, 974-983. 
John XIV, 983-984. 
Boniface VII, (974), 984-985. 
John XV, 985-996. 
Gregory V, 996-999. 
Sylvester II, 999-1003. 
John XVII, 1003. 
John XVIII, 1003-1009. 
Sergius IV, 1009-1012. 
Benedict VIII, 1012-1024. 
John XIX, 1024-1033. 
Benedict IX, 1033-1048. 
Gregory VI, 1045-1046 
Clement II, 1046-1047. 
Damasus, 1048. 
S. Leo IX, 1048-1054. 
Victor II, 1054-1057. 
Stephen X, 1057-1058. 
Benedict X, 1058-1060. 
Nicholas II, 1059-1061. 
Alexander II, 1061-1073. 
S. Gregory VII, 1073-1085. 
Victor III, 1086-1087. 
Urban II, 1088-1099. 
Paschal II, 1099-1118. 
GelasiusII, 1118-1119. 
CalixtusII, 1119-1124. 
Honorius II, 1124-1130. 
Innocent II, 1130-1143. 
Celestinell, 1143-1144. 



(68) 



Lucius II, 1144-1145. 
Eugene III, 1145-1153. 
Anastasius IV, 1153-1154. 
Hadrian IV, 1154-1159. 
Alexander III, 1159-1181. 
Lucius III, 1181-1185. 
Urban III, 1185-1187. 
Gregory VIII, 1187. 
Clement III, 1187-1191. 
Celestine III, 1191-1198. 
Innocent III, 1198-1216. 
Honorius III, 1216-1227. 
Gregory IX, 1227-1241. 
Celestine IV, 1241. 



Innocent IV, 1243-1254. 
Alexander IV, 1254-1261. 
Urban IV, 1261-1264. 
Clement IV, 1265-1268. 
Gregory X, 1271-1276. 
Innocent V, 1276. 
Hadrian V, 1276. 
John XX, 1276-1277. 
Nicholas III, 1277-1280. 
Martin IV, 1281-1285. 
Honorius IV, 1285-1287. 
Nicholas IV, 1288-1292. 
Celestine V, 1294. 
Boniface VIII, 1294-1303. 



VI. KINGS OF GERMANY, 887-1308. 



Arnulf, 887-896. 

Lewis, the Child, 899-911. 

Conrad I," 911-918. 

Henry I,' the Fowler, 918-936. 

Otto I, the Great, 936-973. 

Otto II, 973-983. 

Otto III, 983-1002. 

Henry II, the Saint, 1002- 

1024. 
Conrad II, the Salic, 1024- 

1039. 
Henry III, the Black, 1039- 

1056. 
Henry IV, 1056-1106. 
Henry V, 1106-1125. 



Loth air II, 1125-1137. 
Conrad III, 1138-1152. 
Frederick I, Barbarossa, 1152- 

1190. 
Henry VI, 1190-1197. 
Otto IV, 1197-1212. 
Philip II, 1197-1208. 
Frederick II, 1212-1250. 
Conrad IV, 1250-1254. 
The Great Interregnum, 1254- 

1273. 
Rudolf I, 1273-1291. 
Adolf of Nassau, 1292-1298. 
Albert I, of Austria, 1298- 

1308. 



VII. KINGS OF FRANCE, 888-1314. 



Eudes, 888-898. 
Charles, the Simple, 898-923. 
Robert I, 923. 

Rudolf of Burgundy, 923-936 
Louis IV, (V Outremer, 936-954 
Lothair, 954-986. 
Louis V, le Faineant, 986-987. 
Hugh Capet, 987-996. 
Robert II, the Pious, 996- 
1031. 

( 



Henry I, 1031-1060. 
Philip I, 1060-1108. 
Louis VI, 1108-1137. 
Louis VII, 1137-1180. 
Philip II, Augustus, 1180-1223. 
Louis VIII, 1223-1226. 
Louis IX, 1226-1270. 
Philip III, the Rash, 1270- 

1285. 
Philip IV, the Fair, 1285-1314. 

69) 



VIII. KINGS OF ENGLAND, 1066-1307. 



William I, the Conqueror, 

1066-1087. 
William II, the Red, 1087- 

1100. 
Henry I, 1100-1135. 
Stephen, 1135-1154. 



Henry II, 1154-1189. 
Richard, the Lion-Hearted, 

1189-1199. 
John, Lackland, 1199-1216. 
Henry III, 1216-1272. 
Edward I, 1272-1307. 



IX. KINGS OF JERUSALEM, 1100-1187. 

Baldwin I, 1100-1118. Amalric, 1162-1174. 

Baldwin II, 1118-1131. Baldwin IV, 1174-1185. 

Fulk of Anjou, 1131-1143. Baldwin V, 1185-1186. 

Baldwin III, 1143-1162. Guy of Lusignan, 1186-1187. 



(70) 



THE GREAT MAYORS OF THE PALACE. 

(From Oman: European History, 476-918.) 
St. Arnulf, Bp. of Pippin the Elder, Mayor 

Metz, died 641. of Austrasia, died 639. 



Ansegisel, Mayor 
of Austrasia 632-38. 



Begga. 



Grimoald, Mayor of 
Austrasia, died 656. 



Plectrudis = Pippin the Younger, Mayor ::: = Alphaida. Childebert, Pro- 



Grimoald, 
Mayor of 
Neustria, 
died 714. 

Theudoald. 



of Austrasia, Neustria, and 
Burgundy, died 714. 



claimed King of 
Austrasia 656. 



Drogo, 
died 708. 



Charles Martel, Mayor 
of Austrasia 717, of all the 
Kingdoms 719, died 741. 



Carloman, Pippin the Short, 

Mayor of Mayor of Neustria 

Austrasia, 741, King of the 
died 754. Franks 752. 



Grifo. Bernard. 



I 111 

Charles the Carloman. Adalhard. "VVala. 
Great. 



(71)- 



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RICHER' S JOURNEY FROM RHEIMS TO CHARTRES. 

Richeri Historiarum Liber IV, c. 50. Latin. 
(Translated by Dr. A. C. Howland.) 

About a fortnight before the capture of these men, ' while I 
was living in the city of Rheims deeply engaged in the study of 
the liberal arts and anxious to master the logic of Hippocrates 
of Chos, I happened one day upon a horseman from Chartres. 
When I had questioned him as to who he was and in whose 
service, and why and whence he had come here, he replied 
that he was a messenger of Heribrand, clerk of Chartres, and 
that he wished to have speech with one Richer, a Monk of St. 
Remi. Recognizing at once the name of a friend and under- 
standing the occasion of his embassy I made known to him that 
I was the person he sought, and giving him a kiss, I drew him 
secretly to one side. He immediately produced his letter, 
which proved to be an invitation from Heribrand to came and 
read the Aphorisms with him. I was greatly rejoiced at the 
prospect, and having engaged a certain lad to go with me, I 
made my dispositions to take the road to Chartres in company 
with the horseman. When I set out, however, the only assist- 
ance I received from my abbot was a palfrey. So, without 
money, without even a change of clothing or any other necessar- 
ies, I came to Orbais, a place renowned for its great hospitality. 
There I was refreshed by the conversation of the Lord Abbot D., 
as well as entertained through his liberality, and on the follow- 
ing day resumed the journey that was to take me as far as 
Meaux. But, having entered the shadows of a forest, misfor- 
tune overtook me and my two companions. For taking the 
wrong turning at the crossroads we wandered out of our way six 
leagues. Then when we were a little beyond Chateau-Thierry, 
the palfrey that had previously seemed a very Bucephalus, 
began to lag behind like an ass. The sun had already passed 
the meridian, the sky had clouded up and the rain was on the 
point of falling in torrents, when as luck would have it, that 
Bucephalus succumbed to his mighty efforts, when we were still 
six miles from our city, and sinking beneath the limbs of the lad 
who was riding him fell to the ground as though he had been 
struck by lightning and there died. How great our dismay and 
anxiety then were, those can appreciate who have ever experi- 

1 Arnulf, archbishop of Rheims, and Charles of Lorraine. The date re- 
ferred to is about March 15, 991. 

(73) 



enced similar accidents or had like trouble. The boy, unused 
to the difficulties of such a journey and having now lost his 
horse, threw himself on the ground thoroughly used up. There 
was our baggage without any means of conveyance. The rain 
was pouring down in sheets. The sky was black with clouds. 
The sun now about to set threatened us with darkness. As I 
was hesitating amid all these difficulties, good council was not 
withheld by God. For I left the boy on the spot with the 
baggage, and having told him what he should answer to 
passers-by if questioned and warned him to resist any desire to 
fall asleep, I set out accompanied only by the horseman from 
Chartres and came to Meaux. When I reached the bridge it 
was scarcely light enough to see. Carefully examining the 
structure, I was once more overwhelmed with new misfortunes. 
For it had so many holes and such great gaps in it that the 
citizens of the town could scarcely cross it even by daylight in 
the course of their necessary business. But my quick-witted 
guide, who was pretty well experienced in traveling, searched 
about on every side for a skiff. Finding none, he came back to 
the dangerous task of trying to cross over the bridge. With the 
aid of heaven he managed to get the horses over safely. Where 
there were holes he would sometimes lay his shield down for the 
horses to step on, sometimes place boards across that were lying 
around, and now bending over, now standing up, first running 
ahead, then coming back, he finally got safely across with me 
and the horses. Night had fallen and covered the earth in 
darkness when at length I entered the cloister of St. Pharo, 
where the brothers were just preparing the love-drink. On this 
particular day, after the reading of the chapter by the steward of 
the monastery, they had had a solemn feast, which was the cause 
of the drink being prepared at so late an hour. I was received 
by them as a brother and refreshed by their pleasant conversa- 
tion and what food I wanted. I sent back the man of Chartres 
with the horses to brave once more the dangers of the bridge we 
had just passed, in order to get the boy who had been left 
behind. With the same skill as before he crossed over. He 
found the lad with some difficulty, during the second watch of 
the night, after wandering about and shouting for him fre- 
quently. When he had taken him up and returned to the city 
he turned aside with him and the horses and sought the hut of 
a certain peasant, fearing to attempt the bridge whose perils he 
had learned by experience. And there they found rest for the 
night but no food, though they had been the whole day without 
eating. What a sleepless night I passed and with how great 

(74) 



anxiety I was tortured caii be imagined by .any one whose love 
ever compelled him to keep watch for some dear one. But 
hardly had the day broken when they put in their appearance 
nearly famished with hunger. They were given something to 
eat while grain and straw were placed before the horses. The 
boy being now without a horse, I left him behind with the 
Abbot Augustus and pushed on rapidly to Chartres accompanied 
by the messenger alone. On reaching there I sent the horses 
back at once to Meaux to fetch the boy. When all cause for 
apprehension had been removed by his arrival I entered dili- 
gently into the study of the Aphorisms of Hippocrates with my 
master Heribrand, a man of much culture and learning. But 
in this work I learned only the ordinary symptoms of diseases, 
and such a knowledge of ailments not being sufficient for my 
desires, I begged him to read with me the book on the concord 
of Hippocrates, Galen and Suranus. He granted my request, 
for he was a very skillful man in his art and well acquainted 
with pharmaceutics, botany and surgery. 



LETTER OF HENRY IV TO GREGORY VII. 1073. 

(Probably between October 12 and November 15.) 
Jaffe: Bibl. Ber. Ger., Vol. II, p. 46. Latin. 

To the most watchful and best beloved lord Pope Gregory 
endowed from Heaven with the apostolic dignity, Henry by the 
grace of God King of the Romans renders most faithfully due 
submission. 

Since the Kingship and Priesthood when they are rightly ad- 
ministered in Christ need always his delegated strength, it is 
certainly fitting, my lord and most loving father, that there 
should be no dissension whatever between them, but rather that 
they should cling closely to one another being joined indis- 
solubly by the bond of Christ. For thus and not otherwise is 
preserved in the bond of perfect charity and peace both the 
harmony of Christian unity and the prosperity of the catholic 
Church. But we, who, by the will of God, have been for some 
time governing in the kingdom, have not, as was fitting, shown 
due honor and justice to the Priesthood. It is true we have not 
in vain borne the sword given to us by God to maintain our 
power, and yet when we have unsheathed it, it has not always 

(75) 



been against those sentenced judicially as criminals, as was just. 
Now, however, somewhat pricked by the divine mercy and re- 
turned to ourselves, we confess our former sins to your most 
indulgent fatherhood which accuses us; we hope from you in 
the Lord that absolved by your apostolic authority we may 
obtain pardon. 

Alas! sinful and in misery, partly owing to the impulse of 
youthful temptation, partly owing to the freedom of our unre- 
strained and mighty power, partly also owing to the seductive 
deception of those whose plans we, too easily led, have followed, 
we have sinned against Heaven and in your sight and are no 
more worthy to be called your son. For not only have we 
seized ecclesiastical property, but also we have sold the churches 
themselves to unworthy men, although infected with the poison 
of simony and entering not by peace but otherwise, and we have 
not defended them as we ought. And now, because we alone 
without your aid are not able to reform the churches, concern- 
ing these as moreover concerning all our affairs, we earnestly 
seek at the same time both your aid and advice; we being most 
desirous to obey your commands in everything. And now in 
especial concerning the church at Milan, which is through our 
fault in error, we ask that it may be reformed by your apostolic 
chastisement, according to the canons; and that your authorita- 
tive judgment may proceed thence to correct the others. We 
then, by God's will, will not fail you in anything; asking this 
humbly of your fatherly kindness that it may mercifully be 
swift to aid us in all things. After no long time you will receive 
our letters by the hands of our most humble servants, from 
whom you will learn more fully, God granting it, what still 
remains to be said by us. 



(73) 



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Wright, Thomas. 



Zimmer, Heinrich. 



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A SYLLABUS 



OF 



MEDIEVAL HISTORY 

1300-1500 



AND OF THE 



REFORMATION 



BY 

GEORGE CLARKE SELLERY 



PUBLISHED BY 

THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY 

OF THE 

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 

Philadelphia, Pa., 19 19 
Sold by : Longmans, Green & Co., 91-93 Fifth Avenue, New York. 



PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION. 



This edition attempts to broaden the field by the inclusion 
of matter on the Northern painters, on literature outside of 
Italy, and on the Protestant and Catholic Reformations. I 
desire to acknowledge my deep indebtedness for friendly coun- 
sel and generous assistance to Professors Munro of Princeton, 
Duncalf of Texas, and Krey of Minnesota. 

University of Wisconsin, 
August 12, 1919. 



( 95 ) 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

1. Conflicts of Boniface VIII with Secular Rulers 99 

2. The Papacy at Avignon, 1309-1376 100 

3. The Great Schism, the Councils, and After 102 

4. England and France, 1300-1500 105 

5. Spanish Peninsula, 1300-1500 108 

6. Germany, 1273-1500 109 

7. Italy, 1300-1500 112 

8. The Monarchical State 114 

9. Literature and Learning , 114 

10. Painting 117 

11. Agriculture, Industry, Commerce, and Exploration, 1300-1500 119 

12. The Reformation 122 

A List of Important Dates and Events 131 

Books Cited 134 



(97) 



1. CONFLICTS OF BONIFACE VIII WITH SECULAR 

RULERS. 

sources: Henderson: Documents, pp. 432-437. Robinson: 
.Readings, Vol. I, pp. 488-490. Thatcher and McNeal, 
pp. 311-317. Ogg, pp. 385-388. Translations, Vol. 
Ill, No. 6. Adams and Stephens. 

secondary works: Thorndike, ch. XXX and pp. 502-07. 
Emerton, Beginnings, pp. 106-21. Catholic Encyclo- 
pedia. Walker, pp. 290-2. Alzog, Vol. II, pp. 604- 
644. History of all Nations, Vol. IX, pp. 333-352. 
Creighton: Papacy, Vol. I, Introduction, ch. 1. Barry, 
pp. 391-420. Gregorovius, Vol. V, pp. 516-597. 
Adams: Civilization, pp. 392-397. Huberand Dollinger, 
pp. 164-180. Freeman: Essays, First Series, The Holy 
Roman Empire. Milman, Vol. VI, pp. 204-357; Vol. 
VIII, pp. 132-184. Poole, ch. 9. Kitchin, Vol. I, 
pp. 354-381. 

INTRODUCTION. THE STRENGTH OF THE CHURCH. BELIEF IN, AS 
A DIVINE INSTITUTION. ORGANIZATION. 

I. INTERESTS OF THE CLERGY. 

a. Spiritual and moral. 

b. Political and social. 

Inconveniences flowing from secular activities. 

II. BONIFACE VIII. 

a. Character. Business training. Legal mind. Election. 

b. Policies. 

c. Troubles with various rulers. 

III. THE GREAT SECULAR RULERS. 

a. Extension of royal administration. 

b. Feudal "taxation" of Church property. 

c. Origin and development of direct taxation of the clergy, 
especially by Edward I of England and Philip IV of 
France. 

IV. THE FIRST CONFLICT. 

a. Bull Glericis Laicos. ( Thatcher and McNeal, p. 811. ) 

b. Answer of Edward I. Threatened outlawry of clergy. 

c. Answer of Philip IV. Prohibition of export of money 
or sojourn of "foreigners" in France. 

d. Modification of Clericis Laicos by Boniface. 

e. Boniface, as a private individual, mediates between 
Philip IV and Edward I. 

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V. THE SECOND CONFLICT. 

a. Philip IV s attack on clerical immunity. Arrest of 
bishop of Pamiers. 

b. Boniface's peremptory orders. 

c. Summons of first Estates-General by Philip, 1302. 
Prominence of lawyers. Protests of lay estates against 
papacy; acquiescence of first estate. 

d. Summons of synod of French clergy at Rome by Boni- 
face. Issue of bull Unam Sanctam. ( Thatcher and 
McNeal, p. 314.) 

e. The twelve demands made by Boniface on Philip. 
(Milman, Vol. VI, pp. 332-333. ) 

f. Attack on Boniface at Anagni. Death of Boniface. 

VI. PROVISIONAL SETTLEMENT OF THE CONFLICTS. 

a. Philip's fear of reprisals, especially of excommunica- 
tion. 

b. Anxiety of Benedict XI for reconciliation with the 
" Eldest Son of the Church." 

c. Benedict's abandonment of extreme claims made by 
Boniface. 

d. Removal of papacy to France, 1305. (Clement V.) 

2. THE PAPACY AT AVIGNON, 1309-1376. 

sources : Henderson: Documents, pp. 437-439. Robinson: 
Readings, Vol. I, pp. 491-508. Translations, Vol. 
II, No. 5; Vol. Ill, No. 6. Thatcher and McNeal, pp. 
279-280, 317-324. Ogg, pp. 475-477. Cheyney: 
Readings, pp. 250-255, 267-271. Adams and Stephens, 
Nos. 50, 54, 71, 73, 79. Colby, No. "41. 

secondary works: Adams: Civilization, pp. 397-402. Emerton: 
Beginnings, pp. 121-152. Catholic Encyclopedia. Bryce. 
Thorndike. Lodge, ch. 5. Alzog, Vol. II, pp. 817- 
844. Creighton: Papacy, Vol. I, Introduction, ch. 2. 
Pastor, Vol. I, pp. 57-116. Gregorovius, Vol. V, pp. 
598-607. History of All Nations, Vol. X, pp. 24-37. 
Walker, pp. 292-97. Fisher: Christian Church, pp. 
240-253. Milman, Vol. VI, pp. 371 ff.; Vol. VII, pp. 
346-403. Locke, pp. 7-81. Poole: Medieval Thought, 
chs. 9, 10; Wycliffe and Reform. Stubbs: Constitutional 
History, Vol. Ill, ch. 19. Lea: Inquisition, Vol. Ill, 
pp. 129-161, 238-333. Gardner: St. Catherine. Trevel- 
yan. Cutts. 

(100) 



INTRODUCTION. PREVIOUS SOJOURNS OF THE PAPACY NORTH OF 
THE ALPS. 

I. FRANCE AND THE PAPACY. 

a. Papal favoritism toward France. 

1. Loans of Clement VI to French monarchy. 

2. Advancement of Frenchmen to church benefices. 

3. Destruction of the Templars. 

4. Resentment of Germany and England. (See below.) 

b. Destruction of Templars. {Lea: Inquisition., Vol. Ill, 
pp. 238-333.) 

1. Earlier activities of order. 

2. Fall of Acre, 1291. 

3. Philip IV s attack on the order. 

4. Use of Inquisition b}^ Philip. 

5. Acquiescence of Clement V. Arrest of Templars 
everywhere. 

6. Council of Vienne's refusal to condemn the order 
without a trial. 

7. Suppression of order by Clement V, 1312. 

8. Disposition of property and membership of order. 

II. GERMANY AND THE PAPACY. 

a. Elections of Ludwig of Bavaria and Frederick of Austria 
to kingship. John XXII's interference in the dispute. 

b. John's deposition and excommunication of Ludwig, 
after the battle of Miihldorf, 1322. 

c. Ludwig' s alliance with rebellious "Spiritual" Fran- 
ciscans. ( Gregorovius, Vol. VI, pp. 108-28 ; Muzzey. ) 

d. Marsiglio's Defensor Pads. (Thatcher and McNeal, pp. 
317-32^. ) 

e. Ludwig's revolutionary coronation at Rome, 1328. 

f. Declaration of German electors at Rense, 1338. 

g. Renewed alliance of German electors and papacy. 
Election of Charles IV. Death of Ludwig. 

nr. home and the papacy: cola di' rienzi. (Gregorovius, 
Vol. VI, pp. 226-313 ; Duncalf and -Krey, pp. 177-237.) 

a. Condition of Rome in absence of papacy. 

b. Rienzi' s reforms. 

c Relations with papacy. 

d. Calling of Italian " Parliament." 

e. Rienzi'? loss of good sense. Forced abdication, 1347. 

f. Use of Rienzi by papal general Albornoz, 1353. Death. 

(101) 



IV. INCREASING CENTRALIZATION OF THE CHURCH. 

a. Loss of revenues from Italy. 

b. Extension of direct appointments by popes to benefices. 
Provisions. John XXIII's bull Execrabilis (Y611). 

• c. Extension of papal taxation. Annates. Tenths. 

V. ENGLAND AND THE PAPACY. 

a. Orthodoxy of the English. 

b. Attitude of the government. 

1. Upholding of right of lay patrons to present to 
church benefices (since Henry II). 

2. Statutes of Provisions and Praemunire. (Adams and 
Stephens, pp. 117, 123.) 

3. Reasons for non -enforcement of these statutes. 

4. Refusal to pay old feudal tribute to papacy. Argu- 
ments of WyclifTe. 

c. John WyclifTe. (Trevelyan, ch. 6.) 

1. Scholastic training. Position at^.Oxford and in the 
Church. 

2. Views on nature and government of the Church. 

3. Hostility to wealth and worldly activities of the 
clergy._ 

4. Hostility to monastic vows. Opposition to friars. 

5. " WyclifTe' s translation" of the Bible. 

6. The "Poor Priests." The Lollards. (Ency. Bri- 
tannica, s. v. Lollards. ) 

7. WyclifTe' s views on the Lord's Supper. 

8. Influence of his opinions in Bohemia. 

Influence upon Luther and in English Reformation. 

VI. SOME IMPORTANT TOPICS OMITTED FROM THIS OUTLINE. 
CONCLUSION. REASONS FOR RETURN OF PAPACY TO ROME. 

a. Desire to combat worldliness in the Church. 
Views of Pelayo and St. Catherine of Siena. 

b. Desire to re-establish reputation of papacy for "inter- 
national" impartiality. 

c. Desire to regain control over Italian possessions. 

3. THE GREAT SCHISM, THE COUNCILS, AND AFTER. 

sources: Robinson: Readings, Vol. I, pp. 508-514. Transla- 
tions, Vol. Ill, No. 6. Thatcher and McNeal, pp. 
325-340. Huss. Ogg, pp. 391-397. Whitcomb, pp. 
40-47. 

(102) 



secondary WORKS: Adams: Civilization, pp. 402-415. Emer- 
ton: Beginnings, pp. 152-170. Alzog, Vol. II, pp. 845- 
896, 922-971. Pastor. History of All Nations, Vol. X, 
pp. 139-202. Creighton: Papacy. Lodge, chs. 9-11. 
Huber and Dollinger, pp. 190-198, 293-346. Walker, 
pp. 297-313. Fisher: Christian Church, pp. 254-270. 
Henderson: Short History of Germany, Vol. I, ch. 9. 
Milman, Vol. VII, pp. 228 ff. Locke, chs. 1, 3, 7, 16, 
19, 24. Schaff: Huss. Cunningham: Western Civiliza- 
tion, Vol. II, pp. 138-146. Bryce : Holy Roman 
Empire, ch. 16. Cutts. Gasquet, Parish Life. Burck- 
hardt: Civilization, Part I, ch. 9. Wylie. Figgis. 
Lea: Inquisition, Vol. II, pp. 427 ff. Maurice. Dun- 
ning. Boulting. 

INTRODUCTION. EARLIER SCHISMS. 

I. ELECTIONS OF URBAN VI AND CLEMENT VIF. 

a. Urban' s harsh treatment of his cardinals. 

b. Their declaration of nullity of Urban' s election. Their 
choice of Clement VII. 

c. Clement, defeated in battle, retires to Avignon. Urban 
retains Rome. 

d. Impossibility of absolutely determining which claimant 
was rightful Pope. 

II. EVILS OF THE GREAT SCHISM (1378-1417). 

a. Spiritual distress of thoughtful Christians. 

b. Divisions in secular and regular Church. 

c. Declining reverence for worship and spiritual interests. 

d. Increase of heresy and worldliness. 

III. EFFORTS TO END THE SCHISM. 

a. Pledging of rival popes to end it by abdication or arbi- 
tration. 

b. Withdrawal of obedience by great States. 

c. Resort to a general council. Idea that a council could 
try a pope, familiar since Philip IV and Boniface. 

IV. THE COUNCIL OF PISA (1409). 

a. The council declares its own competence. (Thatcher 
and McNeal, pp. 327-828 ; Pastor, Vol. T, pp. 178 ff.) 

b. Deposition of rival popes. Election of Alexander V. 
" Deposed " popes do not acquiesce. 

c. Failure of the council. 

(103) 



V. THE COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE (1414-1418). 

a. Called by John XXIII (pressure of King Sigismund), 

b. Was the council a legal one? View of Pastor (Vol. I, 
pp. 200-202). 

c. Why Constance was chosen for the meeting-place. 

d. Organization of council. 

e. Life at Constance. ( Wylie, pp. lf.1-60. ) 

f. Election of Martin V. 

g. Acquiescence of Christendom (Aragon delays). 

h. The decrees Sacrosancta and Frequens. (Thatcher and 
McNeal, pp. 828, 881.) 

1. Reaction of higher clergy against centralization of 
Avignon epoch. 

2. Never unequivocally confirmed by papacy. 

i. Failure of council to enact vital reforms. Papal con- 
cordats with different States. Ineffectiveness, 
j. Heresy. Burning of Huss and Jerome of Prague. 

VI. THE COUNCIL OF BASEL (1431—). 

a. The Hussite movement in Bohemia. (Liitzow.) 

1. Spread of WycliftVs doctrines. Activity of John 
Huss. (Schaff.) 

2. Bohemian (Czech) hatred of Germans. 

3. Successful revolt of Hussites, 1420-1431. 

4. Complaint of Germans that revolt was due to world- 
liness of Church. 

5. Pope decides to obey decree Frequens and calls 
Council of Basel. 

6. Council makes peace with Hussites and grudgingly 
grants "communion in both kinds." Subsequent 
withdrawal of this concession by papacy. 

7. Czech preponderance in Bohemia. 

b. Reform measures of Council of Basel (1431-1437). 

1. Membership of council. Influence of lower clergy. 

2. Failure of pope's decree dissolving the council. 

3. Decrees lessening the pope's power. 

(a) Statement of archbishop of Tours, "We must 
either wrest the Apostolic See from the hands 
of the Italians or else despoil it to such a degree 
that it will not matter where it abides." 

(b) Ultimate failure of these measures. 

Pope Eugene transfers council to Ferrara, 1437 (thence 
to Florence). Conservatives obey. 

( 104 ) 



c. The Rump Council of Basel (1487-1449). 

1. Deposition of Pope Eugene and election of anti- 
pope Felix V. 

2. Europe does not concur. 

3. Decline in influence. Extinction, 1449. 

d. The Council of Ferrara-Florence (1438-39). 
Union with the Greek Church. Failure of Union. 

VII. SURVEY OP WORK OP THE COUNCILS. 

a. Terminate great schism. 

b. Discredit idea of Church government by councils. 

1. Radicalism at Basel. Lay rulers prefer Church gov- 
ernment by papacy. 

2. Failure to devise governmental machinery. 

3. But emphasize idea of responsibility of rulers to sub- 
jects. (Trans. Royal Hist. Society, n. s., Vol. XIII, 
pp. 103-115.) 

4. Pius II' s bull Execrabilis condemning doctrine of 
conciliar supremacy. (Thatcher and McNeal, p. 332. ) 

c. Fail to check heresy. 

d. Fail to secure vital reforms in the Church. Persistence 
of " worldliness," and of desire for reform. 

VIII. THE PRAGMATIC SANCTION OF BOURGES, 1438. 

a. Earlier efforts of States to control clergy. 

b. Gallicanism : origins and nature. 

c. Charles VII modifies "reform" decrees of Council of 
Basel and 

d. Issues Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. 

e. Important provisions of Pragmatic Sanction. (Ogg, 
pp. 395-397.) 

f. Enforcement of Pragmatic Sanction in lay courts. 

g. Substitution of Concordat of Bologna, 1516. 

h. Measures taken by other States to control the clergy. 
Reforms of Queen Isabella of Castile. 

CONCLUSION. CONDITION OF CHURCH, 1450-1500. 

4. ENGLAND AND FRANCE, 1300-1500. 

sources: Robinson: Readings, Vol. I, pp. 466-485. Ogg, pp. 
419-443. Henderson: Documents, pp. 151-168. Trans- 
lations, Vol. II, No. 1; Vol. II ; No. 5. Cheyney: 
Readings, pp. 225-305. Colby, Nos. 39, 45, 47, 48, 50. 
Froissart. Commines. Frazer. Durham. Thompson. 
Kingsford. Adams and Stephens. Ashley: Edward 
III. Murray. Paston Letters. 
( 105 ) 



secondary works: General — History of AH Nations, Vol. IX, 
pp 353-364; Vol. X,. pp. 52-80, 203-227, 293-335. 
Emerton: Beginnings, ch. 6. Thorndike, pp. 483-89, 
497-530, 622-30. 

England — Adams : Civilization, pp. 347-356. Green: 
Short History, chs. 5, 6. Bateson, pp. 281-418. Green: 
Town Life, chs. 2-5. Jusserand. Oman : Hundred 
Years'- War ; History of England ; Art of War, pp. 557- 
663. Cheyney: Short History. Andrews. Longman. 
Gairdner. Warburton. Trevelyan. Vickers. Lipson. 
France — Adams : Civilization, pp. 325-338 ; French 
Nation, chs. 8-10. Duruy: France, pp. 183-298. 
Kitchin, Vol. I, bk. IV; Vol. II, bk. I. Grant, Vol. 
I, pp. 1-34. Hassall, pp. 78-130. Putnam. Free- 
man: Essays, First Series, Charles the Bold. Willert. 
Lang. France. Lowell: Joan of Arc. Lea: Inquisition, 
Vol. Ill, pp. 338-278. 

INTRODUCTION. THE ADVANCE OF THE MONARCHY. 

I. FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN 1300: PHILIP IV AND EDWARD I. 

a. Wars against great vassals. 

b. Wars of expansion. 

1. Philip: Germany. 

2. Edward: Scotland and Wales. 

c. Struggles with pope and clergy. 

d. Tendency to lean upon the Third Estate. 

1. Model Parliament, 1295. 

2. Estates-General, 1302. 

3. Reasons: convenience in taxation (growth of indus- 
trial and commercial wealth); appearances' sake. 

4. Greater insistence of English Parliament upon the 
" power of the purse." 

II. THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR (1337-1453). 

a. Causes. 

1. Desire of French kings to expel the English. 

2. Commercial antagonisms. Flanders and wool. 

3. Love of war. 

4. Edward Ill's claim to the French crown. 

b. English victories. Sluys, Crecy, Poitiers. Capture of 
Calais. 

c. Treaty of Bretigny, 1360. 

d. Renewal of war, 1369. 
1. French tactics. 

( 106 ) 



2. Almost complete expulsion of English before 1400. 
English possessions in France, 1400. 

e. Sufferings of the lower classes, especially in France. 
Revolts. Jacquerie, 1358; Peasants' Revolt, 1381. 

f. The fifteenth-century portion of the war. 

1. Intermittent insanity of King Charles VI of France. 

2. Civil war between Burgundians and Armagnacs. 

3. Ambitions of the Lancastrian, Henry V of England. 

4. Victories of Henry V. Agincourt. (Wylie : Henry 
V, Vol. II.) 

5. Alliance of Henry V with Burgundians. 

6. Treaty of Troyes* 1420. Henry V, regent of France 
and heir to Charles VI. Death of Henry V. 1422. 

g. Causes of Eaiglish defeat and expulsion. (High -water 
mark, 1429.) 

1. Disparity of numbers. 

2. Work of Joan of Arc, inspirer of French. Lea: 
Inquisition, Vol. Ill, pp. 388-378. ) 

3. Failure of English to give good government in 
France. 

4. Improvement of French troops. 

5. Reconciliation of Burgundians with Charles VII. 

6. Expulsion of English, 1453. Calais. 

III. MONARCHICAL REORGANIZATION. 

a. England. 

1. Wars of Roses. Similarity to earlier struggle of 
Burgundians and Armagnacs in France. Intermit- 
tent insanity of Henry VI. 

2. The " New Monarchy" of Edward IV (1461-1483). 
Support of middle class and clergy. 

3. Decline of Parliament in importance. 

4. Richard III interrupts the work (1483-1485). 

5. Renewal of "New Monarchy" by Tudors (1485-). 

6. Preservation of rights of Parliament. 

b. France. 

1. Prestige of monarchy, leader in expulsion of English. 

2. Support of monarchy by middle class and clergy. 

3. The tattle. 

4. Reign of Louis XI (1461-1483). 

(a) Struggle with great nobles. 

(b) Struggle with Charles the Bold, duke of Bur- 
gundy (1467-1477). 

(c) Incorporation of great fiefs. 

(107) 



(d) Administrative developments. 
5. Position of monarchy under Charles VIII. Invasion 
of Italy, 1494. 

CONCLUSION. OUR DEBT TO MONARCH ECAL ABSOLUTISM. 

5. SPANISH PENINSULA, 1300-1500. 
sources: Robinson: Readings, Vol. II, pp. 24-27. 

secondary works: Merriman. Hume: Spain, pp. 1-30; Spanish 
People, pp. 183-318; Queens, bks. I, II. Burke, Vol. 
I, pp. 224 ff. Chapman. . Thorndike, pp. 302-05, 
630-33. Lodge, ch. 20. Cambridge Modem History, 
Vol. I, ch. 11. Cheyney: European Background, pp. 
79-113. History of All Nations, Vol. X, pp. 336-357. 
Lane- Poole: Moors in Spain, pp. 216-280. Lea: Moriscos, 
pp. 1-56; Inquisition of Spain, Vol. I. Watts. Pres- 
cott. Stephens: Portugal. 

introduction, political geography of peninsula, 1300. 
Aragon, Castile and Leon, Navarre, Portugal, Granada. 
Geographical and racial particularism. 

I. PROMINENCE of the burgher class. 

a. Role of the towns in the "Christian Recovery" of 
Spain. The " Brotherhoods." 

b. Participation in parliaments. 

1. Cortes in Aragon, 1133. Subjection of the mon- 
archy to the Cortes. 

2. Cortes in Castile, 1169. Domination of Cortes by 
burghers. 

c. The judicial system of Aragon. 

II. POLITICAL DISORDER OF ARAGON AND CASTILE IN CENTURY 
PRECEDING REIGNS OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA. 

a. League of nobles. 

b. City " Brotherhoods." 

c. Political activity of great ecclesiastics. 

d. Decline in authority of the kings. 

III. FOUNDATION OF SPANISH UNITY. REIGNS OF FERDINAND 
(1479-1516) AND ISABELLA (1474-1504). 

a. Character of Ferdinand. Character of Isabella. 

b. Interest of Ferdinand (Aragon) in Mediterranean ex- 
pansion. Early connections of Aragonese rulers with 
Italy. (Sicilian Vespers, 1282.) 

(108) 



c. Interest of Isabella (Castile) in internal affairs, conquest 
of Granada, and colonial expansion. 

d. Governmental methods of Ferdinand and Isabella. 

1. Reliance upon city brotherhoods. Undermining of 
city autonomy through royal officials. 

2. Employment of religious intolerance in the unifying 
of Spain. Isabella's bigotry. The Spanish Inquisi- 
tion. Expulsion of the unconverted Jews, 1492. 

3. Monarchy annexes grandmasterships (and revenues) 
of great crusading orders. 

4. Reform of Spanish Church by crown, with consent 
of pope. Rulers nominate higher ecclesiastics. 

e. Conquest of Granada (1482-1492). Use of arms and 
diplomacy. Liberal terms given Moors. Violation of 
these terms. Moslem faith proscribed, 1501. 

f. Ferdinand's conquests in Italy; Navarre. 

IV. DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBUS. SPANISH COLONIZING 
METHODS. USES MADE OF AMERICAN SILVER AND GOLD. 

V. MARRIAGES OF CHILDREN OF FERDINAND AND ISABELLA. 

a. Catharine and Henry VIII of England. 

b. Joanna and Philip, son of Maximilian. Spain involved 
in central European politics. The ambitions of the 
Hapsburgs. 

c. The other marriages. 

VI. STRONG POSITION OF SPAIN IN SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 
VII. PORTUGAL. 

conclusion. Spanish fanaticism. Not a product of war with 
the Moors (cf. toleration in Palestine). Rather a pro- 
duct of self-interest of Spanish rulers, race and economic 
rivalries, and influence of Catholic Europe. 

6. GERMANY, 1273-1500. 

sources: Henderson: Documents, pp. 220-261. Translations, 
Vol. Ill, No. 2. Thatcher and McNeal, pp. 267-308' 
427-431. Ogg, pp. 411-416. Robinson: Readings, 
Vol. II, pp. 31-37. 

secondary works: Henderson: Short History, Vol. I, chs. 6-8. 
Cambridge Modem History, Vol. I, ch. 9. Thorndike 
pp. 469-71, ch. 28, pp. 614-22. Emerton: Begin- 
nings, ch. 2, pp. 170-199. Lodge, chs. 6, 7, 17. 
(109) 



Bryce, chs. 14, 15, 17. History of All Nations, Vol. IX, 
pp. 307-332; Vol. X, pp. 37-51 and passim. Milman, 
• Vol. VI, pp. 510-524. Janssen, Vol. I, pp. 309-354. 
Taylor: Germany, chs. 20-24. Lewis, pp. 245-307. 
Tuttle, Vol. I, pp. 64-83. Foreign Quarterly Review, 
Vol. VII, pp. 130-145. Hug and Stead, pp.' 118-229. 
Dandliker, Vol. I, pp. 37-125. Watson. Leger. 
Maurice. Zimmern. Coxe. Whitman. 

introduction. German Particularism. 

I. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DISORDER OF THE GREAT INTERREGNUM. 
II. RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EMPIRE, 1273. 

a. Desire of all Germans except great princes. 

b. Papacy's fear of France. Message of Gregory X to 
German princes. 

c. Choice of Rudolf of Hapsburg, 1273. His promises to 
the pope. Elective crown. 

III. THE NEW EMPIRE. 

a. More exclusively German than Hohenstaufen empire. 

b. Princes control. Emperor's successes usually diplo- 
matic. 

c. Imperial prerogatives used to increase family posses- 
sions. Gains of Hapsburg and Luxemburg emperors. 
Henry VII' s futile effort to renew real control over 
Italy. Dante's De Monarchia. 

IV. THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE. 

a. Origins. (Fisher, Medieval Empire, Vol. I, pp. 221-27. ) 

1. Reduction of numbers in electoral bodies, character- 
istic of middle ages. Choice of German kings by 
heads of Stem Duchies. 

2. Assumption of exclusive electoral powers by seven 
princes (4 lay and 3 ecclesiastical). 

3. Importance of the border States of the East: Brand- 
enburg, Saxony, and Bohemia. 

4. Confirmation of rights of electors by pope and em- 
peror. 

b. The declaration of the electors at Rense, 1338. Law 
Licet Juris. 

c. Charles IV s partiality for Bohemia. Golden Bull of 
Bohemia, 1355. 

(110) 



d. The Golden Bull of 1356. (Henderson: Documents, pp. 
220-361. ) 

1. Concedes many sovereign rights to electors. 

2. Seeks to avoid disputed elections to kingship. 

3. Ignores the rights of the pope. (Of. Licet Juris.) 

4. Helps to perpetuate federalism. 

V. DECLINE OF POLITICAL POWER OF GERMANY UNDER THE NEW 
EMPIRE. 

a. The central institutions: king (or emperor), diet, 
supreme court, army. 

b. Inadequacy of central institutions to preserve public 
order or defend German territory. 

c. Private Leagues to preserve order. 

1. Swabian League of 1350. League of 1381. Defeat 
of the cities by princes, 1388. Subsequent decline 
of the " republican " element. 

2. Beginnings of Switzerland. Old League of High 
Germany, 1291. Victory of Swiss over Hapsburgs, 
1386. Virtual independence, 1499. International 
recognition of independence, 1648. 

3. Hanseatic League. Origins. The great alliance of 
1367 against Waldemar. Greatness of league in 
second half of fourteenth century. Subsequent 
gradual decline. 

d. Losses of German territory. 

1. Conquest of Prussia by the king of Poland. Peace 
of Thorn, 1466. 

2. Denmark's virtual annexation of Schleswig and 
Holstein (1460). 

3. Separation of Netherlands from Germany. Rise of 
Burgundian power. 

4. Annexations of territory in south-west Germany by 
France. Dauphin6. 

e. Turkish advance up the Danube. Siege of Belgrade, 
1456. 

VI. EFFORTS TO REFORM CONSTITUTION OF EMPIRE, END OF 

fifteenth century. (Cambridge Modem History, Vol. 
7, ch. 9. ) 

a. Leadership in movement b} 7 lesser princes. Berthold 
von Henneberg. 

b. Recognition of need to transfer control of central gov- 
ernment to actual rulers of Germany, i. e., the princes. 

(HI) 



c. Vain efforts to effect this reform under Frederick III 
(1440-1493). 

d. Reforms under Maximilian I (1493-1519). Relative 
failure. 

VII. PROGRESS OF CITIES. CULTURAL ADVANCE IN GERMANY. 
CONCLUSION. CONTRAST WITH FRANCE, ENGLAND, SPAIN. 

7. ITALY, 1300-1500. 

sources: Robinson: Readings, Vol. I, pp. 516-519; Vol. II, 
pp. 1-15. Compagni. Commines. Machiavelli: His- 
tory of Florence ; The Prince. Matarazzo. 

secondary works: Thorndike, pp. 576-85. Jamison, pp. 
141-221. Burckhardt, Part I. Villari: Machiavelli, 
Vol. I, pp. 23-67; Savonarola, bk. II. Gregorovius, 
Vol. VII, pp. 355 ff. History of All Nations, Vol. X, 
pp. 102-121, 358-384. Lodge, chs. 8, 12, 13, 14. 
Sismondi, ed. 1832, pp. 104-295; ed. 1835, pp. 98- 
238. Browning. Kitchin, Vol. II, bk. II. Brown: 
Venetian Republic, pp. 65-140; Venice. Thayer. Cam- 
bridge Modem History, Vol. I, pp. 104-189, 219-241. 
Ady. Bryce: Holy Roman Empire, ch. 16. Grant, 
Vol. I, eh. 2. Ewart. Armstrong. Gardner: Florence. 

INTRODUCTION. THE AGE OF THE COMMUNES (1100-1300). 

a. Rivalries of pope, emperor, cities, nobles., 

b. Success of the cities of the north and center. 

c Economic bases of their independence and power. 

d. Failure of feuds, within and without, to check pros- 
perity. 

e. Loss of self-government. 

1. Narrow franchise." 

2. Prosperity: employment of mercenaries. 

3. Changes in art of war; importance of cavalry. 

f. Failure to unify Italy. 

I. THE AGE OF THE TYRANNIES (1300-1527). 

a. Frederick II, prototype of the tyrants. (Emerton: Be- 
ginnings, ch. 1. ) 

b. The mercenary captains or condottieri. (Sir John 
Hawkwood in Dictionary of National Biography. ) 

(112) 



c. Characteristics of tyrants. 

1. Self-reliance. 

2. Willingness to recognize talent. 

3. Tendency toward moral degeneracy. 

d. Growth of states of tyrants. Reduction in number of 
tyrants. 

II. THE STATES OF ITALY IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 

a. Naples. 

Foreign dynasty. Feudal land system. Backwardness 
in civilization. 

b. The Papal States. 

Efforts of papacy to become a strong territorial power. 
(Martin V to Julius II.) 

c. Milan. 

The Visconti. The Sforza dynasty, 1450 ff. 

d. Venice. 

Commerce and diplomacy. Venetian Relations. 

e. Florence. , 

Leadership in civilization. The veiled tyranny of the 
Medici, 1434 ff. 

f. The smaller States. 

III. BEGINNING OF END OF INDEPENDENCE OF ITALY. 

a. The tyrants a bridge between Age of Communes and 
Age of Foreign Domination. 

b. The attractiveness of Italy. 

c. The weakness of Italy. 

1. Lack of Italian patriotism. 

2. Political instability. 

3. Death of Lorenzo the Magnificent, 1492. 

d. Invasion of Italy by Charles VIII of France, 1494. 

1. Charles's claims to Naples. 

2. Attitude of Ludovico Sforza, tyrant of Milan. 

3. Attitude of Pope Alexander VI. 

4. Attitude of Florence. Revolt from Medici. The 
government of Savonarola. 

5. Victorious advance of Charles. Retreat. 

6. Importance of the invasion. 

IV. THE COMING OF FERDINAND OF ARAGON. 
CONCLUSION. NATIONAL WARS OF AGGRESSION. 

• (113) 



8. THE MONARCHICAL STATE. 

secondaey works: Lavisse, pp. 30-78. Cunningham: Western 
Civilization, Vol. II, pp. 146-161. Acton, pp. 31-51. 
Sidgwick, Lectures 22, 23. Gierke, pp. 87-100. Cam- 
bridge Modern History, Vol. I, Introductory Note. A. 
L. Smith. 

INTRODUCTION. DEFINITIONS OF THE STATE. 

I. THE ROMAN EMPIRE AS A STATE. EXTENT. POWER OF THE 
EMPEROR. THE ROMAN LAW. 

II. THE "STATE" IN THE MIDDLE AGES: F[EFS, COMMUNES, 
KINGDOMS, THE EMPIRE, THE CHURCH (THE " SUPER- 
NATIONAL state"). 

a. Conflicts among these "States." Efforts of each to 
be supreme. Conflicting systems of laws. The power 
of the Church. 

b. Efforts of the kings to master citizens, nobles, clergy. 
Fierceness of the struggle, 1300-1500. France, the 
best example. Straggle decided in favor of kings by 
about 1660, when monarchical State becomes prevailing 
type. 

CONCLUSION. THE POSITION OF THE MONARCHS OF THE GREAT 
KINGDOMS OF WESTERN EUROPE IN 1500. 

9. LITERATURE, FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH 
CENTURIES ; REVIVAL OF LEARNING. 

sources: Robinson: Readings, Vol. I, pp. 520-531. Ogg, pp. 
447-473. Robinson and Rolfe. Whitcomb. Dins- 
more. Dante. Petrarch. Boccaccio. Castiglione. 
Vasari. Cellini. Chief British Poets. Chaucer. 
Wycliffe. Pecock. Ariosto. 

secondary works: Monnier. Ker. Snell. Smith. Cam- 
bridge History of English Literature, Vol. II. Paris. 
Faguet. Thomas. Francke. Villari: Machiavelli, Vol. 
I, pp. 1-22, 149-79; Vol. II, pp. 65 ff. Garnett. 
Oliphant. Sismondi: Literature, Vol. I. Comparetti. 
Gregorovius, Vol. VI, pp. 671 ff; Vol. VIII, pp. 293 ff. 
Pastor, Vol. I, pp. 1-56. Burckhardt: Civilization. 
Hollway-Calthrop. Jerrold. Biagi. Hutton. Nolhac. 
Everett. Kuhns. Federn. Ragg. Church. Gardner: 
(114) 



Dante ; Ariosto ; Dante and the Mystics. Acton, pp. 71- 
89. Lodge, pp. 515-525. Cambridge Modern History, 
Vol. I, ch. 16. Sandys: Classical Scholarship, cb. 32. 
Bryce, ch. 15. Ramsay. Creighton: Essays. Taylor: 
Mediseval Mind, last ch. Einstein. 

INTRODUCTION. PRIMACY OP FRENCH LITERATURE UP TO CA. 1300. 
I. FRANCE. 

a. Literary decline from level of preceding period. 

b. Romances. Prose versions. 

c. Lyrics. Farces. 

d. The historians. Froissart and Commines. 

e. Villon (1431-1470?). 

II. GERMANY. 

a. Literary decline from level of preceding period. 

b. Reinke de Vos. 

c. Folksong and Satire. 

d. Sebastian. Brant ( 1457-1521 ) . Ship of Fools. 

in. ENGLAND. 

a. Literary progress. 

b. Romances. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. 

c. The Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman. 

d. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340 ?-l -100). 

e. Songs and Ballads. 

f. Prose writers. Wycliffe. Reginald Pecock. 

IV. ITALY. 

a. Debt to French and Provencal literatures. 

b. Italian precursors of Dante. 

c. Dante (1265-1321). 

1. Birth and training. 

2. Principal writings in Latin and in Italian. Divine 
Comedy. 

3. Reverence for ancient classics. Ignorance of Greek. 

4. Regard for medieval subjects. 

5. Realism, Independence. 

6. Theory of Poetry. 

7. Services to vernacular literatures. 

8. Rank with Homer and Shakespeare. 
d. Petrarch (1304-74). 

1. Birth and training. 

2. Principal writings in Latin and in Italian. Sonnets. 

(115) 



3. Specialized interest in ancient classics. Ignorance of 
Greek. 

4. Scorn for medieval subjects. 

5. Vanity. 

6. Theory of Poetry. 

7. Inferiority to Dante as poet and man. 

8. Importance as originator of the Revival of Learning. 

e. Boccaccio (1313-75). 

1. Birth and training. 

2. Principal writings in Latin and in Italian. De- 
cameron. 

3. Regard for Dante. Friendship with Petrarch. 

4. Slight knowledge of Greek. 

5. Importance as vernacular writer and as promoter of 
the Revival of Learning. 

f. The Revival of (ancient classical) Learning. 

1. Definition. 

2. Medieval love for and knowledge of the ancient 
classics. E. g., John of Salisbury (ca. 1115-1180). 

3. Origins: Scholasticism. (Goetz: Kbnig Robert von 
Neapel.) 

4. Stages in Italian Revival. 

(a) Collection. Petrarch as collector. 

(b) Editing. Defective critical power. Preparation 
of reference works. E. g. , Boccaccio. 

(c) Dissemination: (1) Lectures. (2) Academies. 
(3) The printed word. Discovery of printing 
in Germany ca. 1450. Linen paper. Aldo 
Manuzio. 

5. Revival of Greek. (Loomis in Amer. Hist. Rev., 
Vol. XIII, No. 2.) 

(a) Initial zeal for Greek. Bruni's testimony. 

(b) Manuel Chrysoloras. 

(c) Georgios Gemistos Pletho. The Platonic 
Academy. Ficino. Pico. ( Villari : Savonarola, 
Bk. I, ch. j.; Greswell; De Wulf, pp. £65 ff.) 

(d) Superficiality and short vogue of Greek studies 
in Italy. 

6. Lorenzo Valla (1405-57). 

(a) Birth and training. 

(b) Opposition to Cicero, to scholasticism. Histor- 
ical grammar. 

(c) Hostility to monasticism. . 

(d) Treatise on the " Donation of Constantine. " 

(116) 



7. Weaknesses of the Humanists. 

(a) Primarily stylists. 

(b) Scorn for writing in the vernacular. 

(c) Literary barrenness. 

8. Services of the Humanists. 

(a) Renew study of classical Greek in the West. 

(b) Collect and, after a fashion, edit ancient classics. 
Hence: 

(c) Provide additional material for vernacular liter- 
atures, and 

(d) Help to free literature from allegory, and 

(e) Help to provide literary forms for vernacular 
writings and to develop appreciation of style. 

(f) Indirectly enrich the vernacular languages. 
Extravagant claims formerly made for them. 

g. The Revival of Italian Vernacular Literature, late 
fifteenth century. 

1. The century of literary barrenness in Italy (1375— 
1475). 

2. The poetical writings of Lorenzo the Magnificent, 
Pulci, Boiardo, and Ariosto. 

3. Subjects (from Romantic literature of earlier period) 
and style. 

4. The historians. Machiavelli and Guicciardini. 
h. Renaissance. Old and new use of the term. 

CONCLUSION. INFLUENCE OF ITALIAN CIVILIZATION, NORTH OF 
THE ALPS, AFTER CA. 1500. 

10. PAINTING, TO END OF MIDDLE AGES. 

sources: Masters in Art. Cosmos Pictures. University Prints. 
Perry Pictures. Vinci. Vasari. Cellini. Original 
Treatises. Robinson: Readings, Vol. I, pp. 531-541. 

secondary works: Sturgis: Appreciation. Berenson. Caffin. 
Burckhardt: Cicerone. Reinach. Goodyear. Wolfnin. 
Rodin. Muther. Crowe and Cavalcaselle. Woltmann 
and Woermann. Sir6n. Klaczko. Grimm. Miintz. 
Van Dyke: History of Painting. Hamlin. Weale. 
Balcarres. Jackson. Blom field. J. B. Robinson. 
Norton, Part IV. 

INTRODUCTION. PAINTINGS, PICTORIAL DOCUMENTS. 

(117) 



I. EARLY MEDIEVAL PAINTING. 

a. Decline, even before migrations. 

b. Church patronage. Absence of interest in real world. 
Tradition and prescription of types. ( Taylor : Classical 
Heritage, p. S4-4-- ) Subordination to architecture. 

c. Frescoes and miniatures. Influence of mosaics. 

d. Byzantine influence in West, seventh to thirteenth cen- 
turies. Byzantine characteristics. (Van Dyke, pp. 4-4-- 
4.6, 50. ) 

II. THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH CENTURY PAINTING. 

a. Progress in cities of Netherlands and of Ital} r . 

b. Influence of Gothic sculpture. Influence of St. Francis. 

c. Observation of nature: contrast between Netherlands 
and Italy. 

d. Vogue of the miniature in the Netherlands and of the 
fresco in Italy. 

e. Distemper painting. Discovery of oil painting. 

f. Giotto (1276-1336), Hubert van Eyck (1366-1426), 
Masaccio (1401-28). 

III. FIFTEENTH CENTURY PAINTING (CALLED "EARLY RENAIS- 

SANCE" IN CASE OF ITALY). 

a. Realism now common to all Europe. 

b. Subjects and treatment. 

1. Humble types and subjects not scorned. Unre- 
strained gestures. Violent displays of emotion. 

2. Defective composition. Irrelevant backgrounds. 

c. Superiority of the Netherlands in technique and detailed 
realism; superiority of Italy in dramatic power and 
scientific study: "search for the significant. " (Beren- 
son : Florentine- Painters, pp. 8-20. ) 

d. Slight use of the nude. 

e. Botticelli (1446-1510), Hans Memlinc (d. 1495), 
Albrecht Diirer (1471-1528). 

f. Influence of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). 

IV. LATE FIFTEENTH AND E1RLY SIXTEENTH CENTURY PRINTING 

(CALLED "HIGH RENAISSANCE" IN CASE OF ITALY.) 

a. Realism and Idealism. 

b. Subjects and treatment. 

1. Aristocratic types and surroundings. Dignified 
gestures. Calmness. 

. (118) 



2. Fewer figures. Individual treatment. "Sympa- 
thetic'' backgrounds; interest directed to the artistic 
center. Composition. 

c. Preponderance of the nude. (Berenson: Florentine 
Painters, pp. 8^-88. ) 

d. Slight influence of antiquity. Misleading use of phrase, 
Renaissance Painting. (Berenson: Central Italian Paint- 
ers, pp. 6Jf-66 ; North Italian Painters, pp. 23-52 ; 

Wolfflin.) 

V. FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH CENTURY IDEALS OF BEAUTY 

compared. (Wolfflin, pp. 357-369; Muther, Vol. I, 
ch. 5.) 

CONCLUSION. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY. RENAISSANCE 
ARCHITECTURE (1420 FF. ). 

11. AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, COMMERCE, AND 
EXPLORATION, 1300-1500. 

sources: Azurara. Olson and Bourne. " Mandeville," pp. 
213-362. Rule. Translations, Vol. II, No. 5; Vol. Ill, 
No. 2. 

secondary works: Adams: Civilization, pp. 283-310. Thorn - 
dike, pp. 548-51, 554-59, 607-12. Cunningham: 
Western Civilization, Vol. II, pp. 70-182; English In- 
dustry and Commerce, Books III, IV. Helmolt, Vol. 
VII, pp. 1-68. Cheyney: European Background, pp. 
3-78; Industrial and Social History, chs. 3, 4, 5. Levas- 
seur, Vol. I, Book IV. Gross. Day, chs. 5-11. Pal- 
grave, articles Gilds, Money, etc. Carlile, ch. 4. 
Schoenhof, pp. 112-133, 174-184. Lubbock, pp. 57- 
66. Traill, Vol. II. Abrahams, chs. 11, 12. Page. 
Jusserand, Part I. Jessopp, Essays 4, 5. Green: Town 
Life. Brown: Venetian Republic, pp. 44-65, 75-84, 104- 
106, 137-139; Studies, Vol. I, pp. 335-355. Villari: 
Florentine History, Vol. I, ch. 6. Beazley: Modern 
Geography, Vol. Ill ; Prince Henry ; Prince Henry of 
Portugal in Amer. Hist. Rev. , Vol. XVII, No. 2. Bourne, 
E. G. : Essays, pp. 182-189, 193-217; Spain in America, 
pp. 3-83. Bourne, H. R. F. : English Merchants, pp. 
33-98. Cambridge Modern History, Vol. I, ch. 3. 
Stephens. Zimmern. Ashley: Economic History ; Eco- 
nomic Organization. 

(119) 



INTRODUCTION. THE BARTER SYSTEM OF THE MIDDLE AGES. 

i. increasing use of money. ( Cunningham : Western Civil- 
ization, Vol. II, pp. 7J.-89, 162-182. ) 

a. The facilities it affords. 

b. Coinage of gold. In Italy, florin and ducat; North' of 
the Alps. ( Carlile. ) 

c. Money-lending. Jew, Lombard, Fairs, Banks. 

d. Changing ideas on legitimacy of interest. 

e. Bills of exchange. 

f. Rulers' favor for " money economy." 

g. Impediments to usefulness of money. 

1. Coinage by vassals as well as monarchs. 

2. Debasement of coins. 

3. Prohibitions against export. 

4. Doubling of purchasing power, 1375-1500. 

II. RURAL CLASSES. 

a. Money aids process of commutation of labor services. 

b. Prosperity of rural classes, 1200-1349. 

1. "Free Soil." 

2. Rights in common pastures and woods. 

c. "Free Soil " largely gone, by 1349. 

d. The Black Death, 1348-51. (Gasquet : Black Death.) 

1. Causes. Ideas of contemporaries. 

2. Mortality. 

3. Effects. Agriculturists. Workers in Towns. Church. 

4. Rise in price of food. 

5. Efforts of various governments to protect propertied 
classes from economic loss. Legislation in England, 
France, Castile, in 1351. 

e. Unsatisfactory condition of peasants of Western and 
Central Europe, 1350-1500. 

1. No voice in government. 

2. Prevalence of warfare. 

3. Efforts of lords to imitate luxury of rich burghers. 

4. (Probable) decline in fertility of soil. 

f. Peasant revolts. 
1. Frequency. 

2. Common motive: to improve economic position. 

3. French Jacquerie, 1358. 

4. English Peasants' Revolt, 1381. 

5. German revolts. 

6. Failure of revolts. 

g. Improved condition of English and French peasants, 
later fifteenth century. 

(120) 



III. CITY CLASSES. 

a. Importance of cities, ca. 1300. 

b. Growth in size. Relative smallness of populations. 

c. Poor sanitation. 

d. The craft gilds. 

1. Importance of regulations in securing good wares, in 
absence of effective competition. 

2. Connection of city governments with gilds. E. g., 
the "priors of the greater arts" in Florence. 

3. Aristocratic tendencies in the gilds. Oppression of 
the poorer masters by the richer. Journeymen's 
gilds. Strikes and blacklists. 

4. Efforts of lower classes to gain a voice in the city 
governments. General failure. 

5. Extension of royal control over gilds in later fifteenth 
century. (Levasseur, Vol. I, pp. 6 17-6 S3. ) 

IV. COMMERCE. 

a. Value as a civilizing force. 

b. Importance of the trade in oriental wares. 

c. Leadership of the Italian cities, especially Venice. 

d. Land distribution of Italian wares by non-Italians. 

e. Venetian and Genoese fleets (early fourteenth century). 

f. Importance of Bruges as point of exchange. 

g. The northern traders, especially the Hanseatic League, 
h. Northern products. 

i. Regulation of commerce by cities. 

j. Theoretical trade exclusiveness of each city. Relative 

freedom of commerce, in practice, 
k. Monopolistic tendencies of the Hanseatic League and of 

the Italian cities. 
1. Rise of native commerce in great States (fifteenth 

century). 

1. Great merchants. William Canynges. in England; 
Jacques Coeur, in France; the Fugger family, in 
Germany. 

2. Growth of native shipping and decline in import- 
ance of Italian and Hanseatic cities. 

m. Extension of royal control over commerce. 

v. exploration. (Beazley' s introduction to Azurara, Vol. II) 

a. Growth of wealth brings increased demand for luxuries. 

b. Increasing knowledge of the sources of oriental wares. 
Land journeys to Asia from thirteenth century on. 
Marco Polo's book (Yule). 

(121) 



c. Difficulties of the oriental trade routes. 

d. Conquests of the Mongols. Effects on commerce. 

e. Rise of the Ottoman Turks. Turkish control of the 
Mediterranean ends of oriental trade routes. Effects on 
commerce. (Lybyer in Eng. Hist. Rev., Vol. XXX 
(1915), pp. 578-588.) 

f. Thirteenth-century efforts to explore west coast of 
Africa. 

g. Hindrances to exploration in fourteenth century. 

h. Fifteenth-century readiness for the great explorations. 

1. Map-making. 

2. Compass no longer a scientific toy. 

3. Seaworthy ships. 

4. Well-trained sailors and captains. 

5. Royal patronage of exploration. 

i. Motives leading Portuguese monarchy to favor explora- 
tion of west coast of Africa, 
j. The work of Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460). 

1. Birth and training. 

2. Political, crusading, and, above all, commercial 
motives of explorations. 

3. Progress made by 1460. 

4. Exploration down east coast of Africa. Importance. 

5. The triumph of Diaz in rounding Africa, 1486. 

6. Vasco da Gama's voyage to India, 1498, a mere 
" epilogue." 

k. The work of Christopher Columbus. 

1. Birth and training. Influence of Portuguese. 

2. Patronage of Queen Isabella of Castile. 

3. Discovery of America, 1492. 

CONCLUSION. EFFECT OF THE DISCOVERIES UPON WESTERN EUROPE. 

12. THE REFORMATION. 

sources: Schaff: Creeds. Canons and Decrees of the Council of 

Trent. Luther. Loyola. Calvin. Zwingli. Erasmus. 

Gee and Hardy. Kidd. P. Smith. Corpus Schwenck- 

feldianorum. . 

secondary works: Church histories. Histories of the different 
countries. Lindsay. Cambridge Modern History, 
Vols. I, II. Beard. Hayes. Barry. McGiffert. 
Schaff-Herzog. Catholic Encyclopedia. Curtis. Gairdner. 
Summers. D. S. Schaff. Fleming. Bax. Schapiro. 
Emerton. Bayne. Burrage. Hughes. Armstrong: 
Charles V. Bryce: Empire. Fisher. Walker. Whitney. 
( 122) 



introduction. Advance of the lait}' and, pari passu, decline of 
the clergy, 1300-1500: Education, literature, fine arts, 
commerce, exploration, care of sick and poor, govern- 
mental functions. Question: might not the laity, in 
some countries, prove hospitable to ideas which would 
make them the equals of the clergy in religion also? 

I. FOUNDATIONS. 

a. General criticism of Church, 1300-1500. 

1. Discontent with existing institutions generally. 
Readiness to believe that the all-embracing Church 
was responsible. 

2. Worldliness of the clergy: (a) morals; (b) interests. 

3. " Externalization " of religion. 

b. Criticism of the Church by the Humanists. 

1. Colet, More, Erasmus (Praise of Folly). 

2. Letters of Obscure Men (Trans, by Stokes), 
(a) , Origin in Reuchlin controversy. 

(b) Feud between Humanists and scholastic theo- 
logians. 

(c) Nature of criticism by Humanists. 

3. Did the Revival of Learning prepare the way for the 
Reformation ? 

(a) Contradictory views of Wernle, Troeltsch, Her- 
melink. 

(b) Humanism was aesthetic and intellectual. Re- 
ligion is not rooted in the intellect. 

(c) Humanists, as a rule, refused to become Protes- 
tants. (Erasmus, More, Reuchlin, etc.) 

(d) Luther not a Humanist. 

(e) Ximenes's scholarly edition of the Bible vs. 
Erasmus's New Testament. 

(f) But Humanism did help Protestantism at the 
start. 

(1) Furnished arguments usable by Protestants 
(Erasmus's Praise of Folly, More's Utopia, 
Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum). 

(2) Discredited education of clergy. 

(3) Diverted many young men of great talent 
from a clerical career. 

c. Religious Basis of the Reformations. 

1. Prevalence of vital religion. 

2. Existence of an "audience" for reformers. 

(123) 



II. PROTESTANT REFORMATION IN GERMANY. 

a. German Particularism. 

b. Luther's Ninety-Five Theses. (Translations. Vol. II, 
No. 6.) 

1. Nature of Indulgences. (Pastor, Vol. VII, pp. 326 ff.; 
Lea: Confession and Indulgences, Vol. Ill, pp. 1-95, 
872-^16. ) 

(a) Strict theory of present day. 

(b) Medieval theories. 

(c) Abuses in time of Luther. 

2. The Theses and their significance (note No. 37). 

3. Seriousness of the attack made by the learned and 
popular Luther. 

c. Luther's Religious Teachings (Concerning Christian 
Liberty). 

1. Basis: Gospel message of the Bible. 

2. Fundamental doctrine: Justification by Faith alone. 

3. Predestination. 

4. Works and ceremonies. 

5. The sacraments. 

6. Clergy become ministers: "Priesthood of the Be- 
liever. ' ' 

7. Emancipation of laity from clerical control. 

d. The Diet of Worms (1521). 

1. Luther's following. Protection given him by his 
Elector. 

2. Recognition of his strength by Aleander, ambassa- 
dors, etc. 

3. His speech. Answer of Charles V. Edict of Worms. 

4. Importance of Luther's speech before the Diet. 

e. The Peasants' War (1524-25). 

1. Preceding revolts. 

2. Measure of responsibility of Luther. His opposition 
to the rebels. 

3. The twelve articles. (Translations, Vol. II, No. 6.~) 

4. The revolt and its suppression by the princes. 

5. Effects (a) upon Luther; (b) upon the Germans. 

f. Political aspects, 1517-32. 

1. Religious and political aims of (a) Charles V; (b) 
papacy, and (c) princes and cities. 

2. The recesses (edicts) of Speyer, 1526 and 1529. 
The protest, 1529. 

3. The Diet of Augsburg, 1530. 
(a) Confession of Augsburg. 

(124) 



(b) The recess. 

(c) Formation of the Schmalkaldic League, 1531. 
4. Religious Peace of Niirnberg, 1532. 

g. The Organization of Lutheran Churches. (Lindsay, Vol. 
I, Bk. II, ch. 6.) 

1. Beginnings after first recess of Speyer. Progress 
after 1532. 

2. Essentials of the Church, according to Luther. 

3. Luther's conservatism. What was generally retained 
from the old. 

4. Church and State the two sides of society. 

5. Duties of the State according to Luther. 

6. Limitations upon the State in its control of the 
Church. 

7. Visitations. 

8. Erastianism and the tendencies of the age. 

h. The Sects and Extreme Reformers. (Lindsay, Vol. II 
Bk. V; Bax.) J 

1. Origins in preceding ages. 

2. Stimulus given by Luther and Zwingli. 

3. Hostility of contemporary Protestants and Roman 
Catholics. 

4. Leading ideas (infinite variations): congregational- 
ism, sacraments mere signs, faith and works neces- 
sary, coercion wrong in religion, passive resistance, 
interest in social message of the Gospel. Biblicism. 

5. Persecutions. 

6. The Minister affair (1532). 

7. Leaders: Hiibmaier, Schwenckfeld, Denck. 

8. Results for modern world. 

i. The Schmalkaldic War and its consequences. 

1. Charles' final effort to reconcile Protestants at Ratis- 
bon, 1541. 

2. His resort to force. 

(a) Arrangements with France (1544), Turks, pope. 
Promises to German princes, Roman Catholic 
and Protestant. 

3. Victory of Miihlberg, 1547. 

4. Charles's efforts to utilize the victory. 

[(a) Removal of Council of Trent to Bologna. 1 

(b) The Diet. J 

(c) The one-sided Interim (1548) and its failure. 

5. The great conspiracy against Charles and his flight 
before Maurice. Truce of Passau (1552). 

(125) 



j. The Death of Luther, 1546. His greatness ( McQiffert ; 

P. Smith). 
k. The Peace of Augsburg, 1555. {Armstrong: Charles V, 

Vol. II.) 

1. Events, 1552-55. 

2. Grouping of parties in Germany. 

3. Combinations in the colleges of the Diet. 

4. Attitude of King Ferdinand. 

5. Terms of the peace. 

6. Equivocations of the peace. 

7. Debt of German Roman Catholicism to Charles. 

8. The laicization of the empire. 

III. PROTESTANT REFORMATION IN SWITZERLAND. 

a. Relation of Switzerland to Germany. (McCrackan.) 

b. Constitution of Switzerland. 

c. The fringe of leagues allied to Switzerland. 

d. Zwingli in Ziirich {S. M. Jackson). 

1. Substantial agreement in theology with Luther. 

2. Disagreement with Luther over Lord's Supper. 

3. Use of the disputation in Switzerland. 

4. Relations of Church and State. 

e. The spread of Zwingli' s views. 

1. Berne Protestant, 1528. 

2. Other gains. 

3. Opposition of Diet and forest cantons. 

4. Zwingli' s use of force. 

5. The Cappel wars. The final Peace of Cappel, 1531. 
{Cf. terms of Peace of Augsburg.) 

f. Geneva before the coming of Calvin. {Amer. Hist. Rev., 

Vol. VIII {1903), pp. 217 ff.) 

g. Calvin in Geneva. {W. Walker : Calvin.) 

1. Calvin's theology. Substantial agreement in theology 
with Luther. 

Emphasis on predestination. The Elect. 

2. Relations of Church and State. 

(a) Theoretical separation of the two. 

(b) Actual relations. The consistory. 

h. The spread of Calvinism in Switzerland proper. Con- 
sensus Tigurinus, 1549. 
i. The Debt of Protestantism to Calvin. 

(a) Transformation of Geneva. 

(b) Geneva a center of learning and Protestant propa- 
ganda. 

( 126 ) 



(c) Calvin's clear exposition of militant Protestantism. 
The Institutes. 
j. The Modern Separation of Church and State. 

IV. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION IN ENGLAND. 

a. Influence of Luther outside of Germany. 

b. Henry VIII' s breach with the pope. 

1. Motives. 

2. Means. Submission of the clergy (1532). Act of 
supremacy (1534). 

3. Henrian Catholicism. Ten Articles. Six Articles. 
Confiscations. 

4. Encouragement given to Protestantism. 

c. Temporary Establishment of Protestantism under Ed- 
ward VI. 

1. Progress toward advanced Protestantism. First and 
Second Books of Common Prayer. Forty-Two 

, Articles; relations with Swiss and German Protestant 
views. 

2. Shortness of his reign (1547-1553). 

d. Temporary Restoration of Roman Catholicism under 
Mary. 

1. Use of Act of Parliament. 

2. Inability to return Church lands confiscated by 
predecessors. 

3. Mary's executions of opponents. Effect on public 
opinion.. 

4. Effect of Spanish marriage and loss of Calais. 

5. The shortness of her reign (1553-58). 

e. Establishment of Church of England by Elizabeth. 

1. Elizabeth's long (1558-1603) and successful reign 
and the opportunity it gave for her settlement to 
take root and flourish. 

2. The "midway" nature of the settlement. 

(a) Political and international situation, Elizabeth's 
temperament, statesmanship — all counselled 
moderation. 

(b) Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. New ver- 
sion of Rook of Common Prayer. Thirty-Nine 
Articles. 

3. Elizabeth's executions of opponents. 

4. Conditions at end of reign. Discontent of Roman 
Catholics and Puritans. 

(127) 



5. Conclusion. Was the Elizabethan settlement suited 
to the English temper ? Significance of Wycliffe in 
this connection. 

V. PROTESTANT REFORMATION IN SCOTLAND. (P. H. BroiUn. ) 

a. Importance of Scottish Reformation for English Protes- 
tantism. 

b. Causes of spread of Protestant opinions: economic, 
political, and religious. John Knox. 

c. The strength of Mary of Guise, regent of Scotland 
(1550-60). 

d. Necessity of English aid for Scottish Protestants, in 
revolt. 

e. English intervention. Peace of Edinburgh (1560). 

f. Establishment of the Kirk (1560). (Accepted by 
Crown, 1567.) 

g. Efforts of Mary Queen of Scots to restore authority of 
Crown and Roman Catholicism. Her failure and, flight, 
1567. 

h. Theology and government of the Scottish Church, 
i. The (later) union of England and Scotland. 

VI. PROTESTANTISM IN OTHER NORTHERN COUNTRIES. 
VII. CATHOLIC REFORMATION. 

a. The "religious soil" of the later Middle Ages. The 
hopes of St. Catherine and Savonarola. 

b. Essentials: revival of "exalted devotion," of "un- 
quenchable hope," of a "tenacity which no reversal 
could wear out." 

c. Efforts of Monastic Associations to renew Roman Cath- 
olic Faith and Zeal. 

d. The work of the Society of Jesus. 

1. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556). (F. Thompson.) 

(a) Conversion and early evangelistic labors. The 
Spiritual Exercises. 

(b) Education and wider evangelistic plans. 

2. Establishment of the Order by papal bull, 1540. 

3. Characteristics of the new monasticism. 

4. Activities: (a) Evangelistic work, (b) Missions, (c) 
Education. Development of Humanistic education. 

5. Services of the Order to religion and Roman Cath- 
olicism in the Sixteenth Century. 

(a) Inspired the Church with its faith, fervor, ideals. 
(128) 



(b) Made monasticism again respected and feared. 

(c) Held Southern Europe faithful to Church. 

(d) Disputed parts of Northern Europe with Pro- 
testants. 

(e) Gave the Church compensation in the New 
World for losses in the Old. 

(f) Helped to shape the work of the Council of 
Trent. 

The Council of Trent (1545-47; 1547-49; 1551-52; 
1562-63). 

1. Why Charles V wanted it called. 

2. Why Paul III called it. 

3. Countries from which membership came. 

4. The early declaration of the joint authority of the 
Bible and Tradition: effective exclusion of Protes- 
tants. 

5. The Canons and Decrees (Translation by Water- 
worth ) . 

(a) Decrees reforming abuses. 

(b) Canons stating the chief elements of the Faith. 

(c) Anathematizing of Protestant and more radical 
opinions. 

6. Leading position of Jesuit theologians. 

7. Acceptance of papal leadership and control. 

8. Importance of the Council (Mirbt). 

(a) Showed the Church to be a living institution 
capable of work and achievement 

(b) Strengthened confidence of her members and 
herself. 

(c) Was a powerful factor in heightening her effi- 
ciency as a competitor of Protestantism and in 
restoring and reinforcing her imperilled unity. 

The Index of Prohibited Books (Catholic Encyc. and 
Encyc. Britannica, s. v. Index ; G. H. Putnam. ) 

1. Emphasis on authority. 

2. Origins (begun by Council of Trent). 

(a) Forerunners. 

(b) Sources. 

3. The "Ten Rules." 

4. The new rules of Leo XIII (1897). 

5. Protestant censorship. 

6. State censorships to-day. 



(129) 



VIII. THE " WARS OF RELIGION." 

Morley's statement: It "has been said of the long re- 
ligious wars in France, that in one-fifth of them religion 
was the cause, in four-fifths it was only the pretext ' ' 
(Notes on Politics and History, p. 56). 
The role of secular interests in the Reformations and in 
all of the religious wars. 

CONCLUSION. RESULTS OF THE REFORMATIONS. 

a. On faith and worship. 

b. On morals. 

c. On education. 

d. On government. 

e. On society. 

The underlying distinction between Protestantism and 
Roman Catholicism. 



( 130 ) 



A LIST OF IMPORTANT DATES A.ND EVENTS. 

A. D. 

1282 "Sicilian Vespers"; expulsion of the French from Sicily. 
1291 League of cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden: 

foundation of Switzerland. 
1291 Fall of Acre; last possession of the Christians in Palestine 

lost. 

1295 Model Parliament (England). 

1296 Boniface VIII issued the bull Clericis laicos. 
1300 Papal jubilee. 

1302 First Estates-General (France). 

1302 Victory of Flemish burghers at Courtrai. 

1302 Boniface VIII issued the bull Unam Sanctam. 

1303 Attack on Boniface VIII at Anagni. 

1305 Beginning of " Babylonian captivity " of the papacy. 
1309 Beginning of papal residence at Avignon. 
1312 Suppression of the Templars by Clement V. 

1314 Battle of Bannockburn. 

1315 Victory of Swiss at Morgarten. 

1328 Revolutionary coronation of Ludwig of Bavaria as em- 
peror. 

1337 Edward III claimed the French crown and began the 
Hundred Years' War. 

1338 Declaration of the German electors at Rense. 
1340 Naval battle of Sluys. 

1346 Election of Charles IV as " King of the Romans." 

1346 Battle of Crecy. 

1347 Rienzi, " Tribune of the People." 

1347 Capture of Calais by Edward III. 

1348 Outbreak of Black Death in Europe. 

1348 Clement VI purchased Avignon from Queen Joanna of 

Naples. 
1351 Statute of Provisors (England). 
1353 Statute of Praemunire (England). 
1356 Battle of Poitiers. 
1356 Golden Bull of Emperor Charles IV. 
1358 Revolt of the Jacquerie (France). 
1360 Treaty of Br6tigny. 
1367 Hanseatic alliance under leadership of Lubeck and 

Cologne. 
1369 Renewal of Hundred Years' War. 

1375 Truce between England and France. 

1376 End of the " Babylonian captivity." 

(131) 



1378 Beginning of the Great Schism. 

1381 Peasants' Revolt (England). 

1382 Battle of Rossebec. 

1386 Victory of Swiss at Sempach. 

1392 Charles VI of France insane. 

1397 Union of Calmar (Scandinavian kingdoms). 

1409 Meeting of Council of Pisa. 

1410 Outbreak of civil war in France, between Burgundians 
and Armagnacs. 

14 14 Meeting of Council of Constance. 

1 415 Battle of Agincourt. 

1 4 17 Ending of the Great Schism with election of Martin V. 

1420 Martin V declared a crusade against the Hussites. 

1420 Treaty of Troyes. 

1429 Relief of Orleans by Joan of Arc. 

1431 Execution of Joan of Arc as a relapsed heretic at Rouen. 

1431 Meeting of Council of Basel. 

1433 The Compadata between the Hussites and the Council of 
Basel. 

1434 Establishment of the rule of the Medici in Florence. 

1435 Treaty or Arras between Philip, duke of Burgundy, and 
Charles VII of France. 

1435 Conquest of Naples by Alfonso V of Aragon. 

1436 Expulsion of the English from Paris. 
1438 Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges. 

1438 Council of Ferrara-Florence. 

1439 (Attempted) deposition of Pope Eugenius IV by 
" Rump " Council of Basel. 

1449 "Rump" Council of Basel made peace with the pope 

and dissolved itself. 
*45<> (?) Gutenberg's discovery of the art of printing. 
1451 French conquest of Guienne from the English. 
1453 Capture of Constantinople by Mohammed II. 
1453 End of the Hundred Years' War. (No treaty of peace.) 
1455 Beginning of the Wars of the Roses (England). 

1460 Pope Pius II issued the bull Execrabilis. 

1461 Edward IV, Yorkist king of England. 

1465 War of the "Public Weal" in France. 

1466 Peace of Thorn. Destruction of independence of Teutonic 
Order in Prussia. 

1467 Accession of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy 
1477 Defeat and death of Charles the Bold at Nancy. 
1477 Marriage of Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian. 

1485 End of Wars of the Roses. Henry VII, Tudor king of 
England. m 

(132) 



i486 Bartholomew Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope. 
1492 Ferdinand and Isabella conquered Granada. 

1492 Columbus discovered America. 

1493 Pope Alexander VI "divided" the New World between 
Spain and Portugal. 

1494 Invasion of Naples by Charles VIII of France. 

1499 Recognition of independence of Swiss by Maximilian I. 
1503 Death of Pope Alexander VI. Accession, of Julius II. 
1513 Death of Julius II. Accession of Leo X. 

1516 Concordat between France and Leo X. 

15 17 Publication of Ninety-Five Theses by Luther. 
1519 Election of Charles V as emperor. 

1521 Diet of Worms. 

1526 Diet and Recess of Speyer. 

1527 Sack of Rome. 

1529 Diet and Recess of Speyer. The Protestants. 

1530 Coronation of Charles V by Clement VII. Last imperial 
coronation. 

1530 Revolt of the Genevans against their bishop. 

1531 Henry VIII Supreme Head of the Church of B]ngland. 

1531 Battle of Cappel and death of Zwingli. 

1532 Religious Peace of Niirnberg. 
1534 English Act of Supremacy. 
1536 Publication of Calvin's Institutes. 
1538 Calvin expelled from Geneva. 

1540 Order of Jesus approved by Paul III. 

1541 Return of Calvin to Geneva. 

1545 Opening of Council of Trent. 

1546 Death of Luther. 

1546 The Schmalkaldic War. 

1 548 Issue of Interim by Charles V. 

1548 First Boole of Common Prayer. 

1549 Consensus Tigurinus. 

1552 Second Booh of Common Prayer. 

1552 Truce of Passau. 

1555 Diet and Peace of Augsburg. 

1 555 Abdication of Charles V at Brussels. 

1558 Capture of Calais. 

1559 John Knox in Scotland. 

1560 Treaty of Edinburgh. 

1561 Mary Stewart in Scotland. 
1563 The Thirty-Nine Articles. 
1563 Close of the Council of Trent. 

(133) 



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Growth of the French Nation. N. Y. : Mac- 
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Adams, G. B., and H. M. Stephens, edd. Select Documents 
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Ady, C. M. History of Milan under the Sforza. N. Y. : 

Putnam, 1907. 
Alzog, John. Manual of Universal Church History. 3 Vols. 

Cincinnati : Clarke, 1899. 
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